Color of clothing

Model in a designer gown reflecting the current fashion trend at an Haute couture fashion show, Paris, 2011
The transformative power of clothes, the impact of changes in colors and style. A video on social expression through dress.

Color is an essential aspect of the aesthetic properties of clothing. The color of clothing has a significant impact on one's appearance. Our clothes communicate about us and reveal our social and economic standing.[1][2][3][4][5]

Significance

Color is a visual characteristic that is described by terms like red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple etc. Typically, it is the color of an object that attracts the most attention.[6] Color is one of the primary properties that is noticed when a consumer makes a decision to buy a dress. The colors are distinctive and distinguishable; we frequently refer to clothing by its color, for instance, a "blue shirt."[7]

Self decoration

Decoration of self is prevalent in societies, and self-decoration is a fundamental characteristic of humans. Decorative values of clothing are regarded as "primary if not the most primary."[8] Hence, as a decorative element, color plays a critical part in meeting the necessary criterion.

Aesthetic comfort

Colors create aesthetic comfort when combined with fabric construction, the finish of the clothing material, garment fitting, style, and fashion compatibility. All these elements collectively contribute to satisfying our visual perception.[1][4][5]

Symbolic representations

Preah Pithu T Monks - Siem Reap

Historically, different societies have set their own restrictions and norms for different clothing. For example, during the Tudor period, the crimson red color was not allowed in the ranks below the “knights of the garter.”[9] During the Renaissance era, the significance of clothing color increased, with specific colors reserved for the upper class and royalty. Sumptuary laws were created in medieval Europe, which restricted the wearing of expensive colors such as purple, obtained from seashells of the Mediterranean to the nobility.[10]

Colors of clothing have specific associations with certain types of clothing styles and symbolize cultural beliefs. Blue, for example, is closely associated with denim.[11]

Social significance

Colors have social, cultural and political significance. Clothing colors also discriminates. In the past, some societies and cultures have adopted unconventional fashion trends. Pink and blue, for example, have a gender stereotype. Gender stereotypes can be seen not only on the color of clothing, but also regarding clothing being genderly classified.Such as jeans for men, hence skirts for women. These gender stereotypes also classified by colors such as pink for women, hence blue for men.[13] In Hinduism, for example, widows are required to wear white, and in contrast to this Brides in western cultures wear white wedding gowns. In Christianity, the color black is associated with mourning.[14][15]

Identity

US President George W. Bush and Laura Bush attend funeral services Friday, April 8, 2005, for the late Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square.

Clothing color represents the identity of political parties, sports teams, and various professions. The Bharatiya Janata Party uses the saffron color in their promotional activities.[16] Cricket whites is a type of white colored uniform worn in the sports of cricket. A white coat is a smock worn by professionals in the medical field or by those involved in laboratory work. There are various terms denoting groups of working individuals based on the colors of their collars worn at work. (See: Designation of workers by collar color)

Uniform

Main article: Uniform

A uniform depicts the use of a similar color of clothing in a group, organization, or profession.

School uniform

Main article: School uniform

A school uniform is a standardized outfit worn by students of an educational institution.

Military uniform

Russian Ground Forces officers during the 2019 Moscow Victory Day Parade in full dress uniform.
Main article: Military uniform

A standardized dress worn by military personnel and paramilitary groups of various nations.

Political uniform

Main article: Political uniform

A political uniform is distinctive clothing worn by members of a political movement.

Sportswear

Main articles: Sportswear, Away colors, and Number (sports)

A Standardized sportswear may also function as a uniform for sports teams. In team sports, opposing teams is usually identified by their clothing colors, while individual team members can be identified by the back number on their shirt.

Dress or Garments by color names

Fashion

Chanel's Timeless Little Black Dress Modeled, 2011

Color of clothing is a key factor in capturing people's attention and persuading them to purchase a product.[17]

Quotes

To me, clothing is a form of self-expression. There are hints about who you are in what you wear

— Marc Jacobs[18]: 472 

The best color in the whole world, is the one that looks good, on you.

— Coco Chanel[19]

Psychology

Psychologists believe that the color of our clothing influences our stress levels and moods. Color enhances a person's experience of their surroundings.[20][21]

Literature

Main article: Saffron (color)

The color saffron is associated with the goddess of dawn (Eos in Greek mythology and Aurora in Roman mythology) in classical literature:

Cymon and Iphigeneia c. 1884 by Frederic Leighton - saffron suffuses the canvas at sunrise

Homer's Iliad:[22]

Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of Okeanos, to bring light to mortals and immortals, Thetis reached the ships with the armor that the god had given her. (19.1)

Virgil's Aeneid:[23]

Aurora now had left her saffron bed,

And beams of early light the heav'ns o'erspread,

When, from a tow'r, the queen, with wakeful eyes,

Saw day point upward from the rosy skies.

Value addition

Greige goods have limited shades ranging from offwhite to white, colors add value to the products. Application of color involves many textile arts such as dyeing, printing, painting, etc.[24] Royal blue dye is one of the costliest dye to obtain the Royal blue hues.[25] Different colors have different cost because of longer and shorter dye cycles.[26]

Application

Colors can be applied to textiles in a variety of ways, the most common of which are dyeing and printing. Dyeing is a uniform color application, whereas in printing, color is applied in certain patterns. Coloring has a set of procedures.

Seasons and colors

Retailers and buyers design the merchandise as per the seasonal forecast.[27] Primarily, there are four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Some fast fashion brands, like Zara, have more than four seasonal changes on their shelves.[28][29]

There are professional organizations that forecast colors, such as the Color Marketing Group, Color Association of the United States, and International Colour Authority.

Color matching systems

Pantone is a standardized color reproduction system that conveys colors through color matching systems. These standards can be used by manufacturers all over the world.[30]

Production

Textile dyeing mills use color standards in physical and digital forms for the reproduction of these colors. Physical color standards are cut pieces of reference colors, whereas digital color standards are known as "QTX files" (Spectral data), which is a more efficient method.[31]

When working with color matching and quality control software, it is possible to import a QTX file. With regard to color, a QTX file is simply a text file containing reflectance measurements for the color in question.[32]

Measurement (Delta-E)

Color is a subjective visual perception that varies between individuals. There are spectrophotometers that can objectively compare spectral values and colors. Though colors are viewed visually and digitally, both depend on the customer's requirements.[33][34] Delta E (dE-CMC) expresses the difference between the original standard and the reproduction.

Further information: Color difference

Alternative technologies for color application

In Morpho butterflies such as Morpho helena the brilliant colors are produced by intricate firtree-shaped microstructures too small for optical microscopes.

Structural coloration

Microstructures that interfere with the light cause structural coloration. Some examples of structural coloration include bird feathers and butterfly wings. (see:Iridescence)

Nanocoating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light) in textiles for biomimetics is the new method of structural coloration without dyes.[35] In structural coloration, interference effects are used to create colors instead of using pigments or dyes.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Li, Yan; Wong, A. S. W. (24 April 2006). Aesthetic Comfort - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-85573-925-3. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  2. ^ Richmond, Virginia P.; McCroskey, James C.; Hickson, Mark (2008). Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-205-48669-4.
  3. ^ "What do you first notice about anyone?". Times of India Blog. 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  4. ^ a b Faiers, Jonathan; Bulgarella, Mary Westerman (2016-11-17). Colors in Fashion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4742-7369-5.
  5. ^ a b Weber, Jeanette (1990). Clothing: Fashion, Fabrics, Construction. Glencoe Publishing Company. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-02-640161-6.
  6. ^ Maycock, Mark M. (1896). A Class-book of Color: Including Color Definitions, Color Scaling, and the Harmony of Colors. Milton Bradley. p. 47.
  7. ^ Steele, Valerie (2015-08-01). The Berg Companion to Fashion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4742-6470-9.
  8. ^ Tortora, Phyllis G. (1998). Survey of historic costume : a history of Western dress. Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-56367-142-5.
  9. ^ "A Point of View: The power of wearing red". BBC News. 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  10. ^ Kodžoman, Duje (2019-06-10). "The psychology of clothing: meaning of Colors, Body Image and Gender Expression in Fashion". Textile & Leather Review. 2 (2): 90–103. doi:10.31881/TLR.2019.22. S2CID 150755649.
  11. ^ "Why blue jeans are going green". BBC News. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  12. ^ Sen, Ragini; Wagner, Wolfgang; Howarth, Caroline (2013-09-30). Secularism and Religion in Multi-faith Societies: The Case of India. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-319-01922-2.
  13. ^ Hammond, Claudia. "The 'pink vs blue' gender myth". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  14. ^ The Indian Journal of Social Work. Department of Publications, Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1986. p. 67.
  15. ^ Ferguson, George; Ferguson, George Wells (1961). Signs & Symbols in Christian Art. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-501432-7.
  16. ^ "BJP workers distribute saffron shawls, light 93 lamps on Atal Bihari Vajpayee's birthday". The Indian Express. 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  17. ^ Steele, Valerie (2015-08-01). The Berg Companion to Fashion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4742-6470-9.
  18. ^ Fleet, David; Pajdla, Tomas; Schiele, Bernt; Tuytelaars, Tinne (2014-08-13). Computer Vision -- ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-10590-1.
  19. ^ "47 of the Best Coco Chanel Quotes About Fashion, Life & Luxury!". Stylishly Me. 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  20. ^ "Color Psychology: What Colors Should You Wear and Why". Science of People. 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  21. ^ Clothing, Little River (2019-06-25). "Dress Your Mood with Color in Clothing". Little River Clothing. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  22. ^ Next Page. "The Iliad - Free Online Book". Publicliterature.org. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
  23. ^ The Aeneid by Virgil - Free Ebook. 1995-03-01. Retrieved 2016-02-27 – via Gutenberg.org.
  24. ^ "Textile - Dyeing and printing". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  25. ^ "Why blue is the costliest colour". The Guardian. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  26. ^ Lewis, David M.; Rippon, John A. (2013-05-20). The Coloration of Wool and Other Keratin Fibres. John Wiley & Sons. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-118-62510-1.
  27. ^ Jacobs, Bel. "What will fashion be like 20 years from now?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  28. ^ Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (2004-09-20). The Fashion Handbook. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-52112-8.
  29. ^ "ZARA: Achieving the "Fast" in Fast Fashion through Analytics". Digital Innovation and Transformation. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  30. ^ "CMYK, RGB & Pantone for Print Marketing". Ballantine. 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  31. ^ AATCC Review. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. 2005. p. 13. In the meantime , many retailers and their mills communicate with job files or qtx files to exchange spectral reflectance data . Spectral data may be emailed or shared via color communication systems
  32. ^ "QTX Files - CSI Wiki". Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  33. ^ "colour - The perception of colour". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  34. ^ Elert, Glenn. "Color". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  35. ^ Shao, J.; Liu, G.; Zhou, L. (2016-01-01). "Biomimetic nanocoatings for structural coloration of textiles". Active Coatings for Smart Textiles. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: 269–299. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100263-6.00012-5. ISBN 9780081002636.
  36. ^ Structural colour under the microscope! Feathers, beetles and butterflie!!, retrieved 2021-07-04

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