The climate of West Bengal is varied, with tropical savannahs in the southern portions of the state, to humid subtropical areas in the north. Temperatures vary widely, and there are five distinct seasons. The area is vulnerable to heavy rainfall, monsoons, and cyclones. There are some mountains in the area which are generally cold all year round.
National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong , in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in West Bengal .
Seasons
There are five main seasons in West Bengal : spring, summer, rainy season , a short autumn, and winter.
Spring
Spring is considered the most pleasant season over the plains of West Bengal and lies from mid-February to mid-March and is also the time where Holi is celebrated. Temperatures range between 20 °C – 30 °C and no rainfall. Though occasional rain or light showers are witnessed due to Western disturbances in North India .
Summer
The summer season is observed from March to May in most of Bengal.
Temperature
In Bengal, summers can be extremely hot and have high humidity. The plains of South Bengal have a daily maximum temperature around 35–38 °C.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] northern India . During the day, the temperature ranges from 38 to 42 °C, though it can reach or exceed 45 °C.[ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] [ 15] [ 16]
Rainfall
Monsoons
Period
In mid-June or early July, the monsoon season starts.[ 18]
Temperature
In most places, the temperature drops as cloud cover increases. This is less true for the mountains and the Terai Dooars plains, where temperature gradually increases until August.
The maximum temperature of South Bengal's plains and western highlands is 32 °C,[ 19] monsoon break . This occurs mostly in North Bengal plains and in mountains in July and August when the temperature soars over 36 °C and 24 °C respectively.[ 20] [ 21] [ 22] [ 23] [ 24]
Rainfall
Most of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon period. Heavy rainfall above 250 cm is observed in the Darjeeling , Jalpaiguri , Alipurduar and Cooch Behar district .[ 25] [ 26] [ 27] [ 28] [ 29] northern plains and western plateau region.
Autumn
Period
Autumn lasts for two months, October and November.
Temperature
In autumn, the southwest monsoon wind returns and clears the sky. So, the state gets enough sunshine to be warm in the day and releases a lot of heat to be cool at night.
At this time, a maximum temperature of 30–33 °C is felt over the plains and 17–19 °C in mountains. The minimum temperature is normally around 19–22 °C in plains and 6–11 °C in mountains.[ 30] [ 31] [ 32] [ 33]
Rainfall
In autumn, the southwest monsoon wind returns, and the northeast monsoon wind enters West Bengal. Due to their collision in Bay of Bengal , some cyclones are created.[ 34] [ 35]
Winter
Period
The winter season usually starts in December and ends in February.[ 36]
Temperature
In winter, a mild temperature is observed over the plains. The maximum temperature goes to 23–26 °C and the minimum temperature is 9–15 °C in plains of the state. The maximum and minimum temperature in the mountains range from 0–12 °C. Higher regions of the Darjeeling Himalayas get heavy snowfall during winter.[ 37] [ 38] [ 39]
The temperatures of the western highlands at night can drop 7–9 °C,[ 40] [ 41] [ 42] [ 43] [ 44] [ 45] [ 46] [ 47] [ 48] [ 49] [ 50]
Rainfall
Winter is generally dry. Most days are sunny. Occasionally, slight rainfall occurs because of conditions in northwest India. These are known as western disturbances.
Extreme temperatures
Sources: India Meteorological Department [ 51] [ 52]
Record high temperatures
The chart below shows the highest recorded temperatures in individual stations, for all months in West Bengal, with place and date.
Month
Highest Recorded Temperature (°C)
Place
Date
January
36.8
Krishnanagar 1 January 1977
February
39.3
Bankura 26 February 2006
March
44.5
Behrampore 27 March 1980
April
47.2
Kalaikunda 30 April 2024
May
48.3
Behrampore 23 May 1981
June
47.8
Suri 10 June 1966
July
43.0
Krishnanagar 22 July 1994
August
43.0
Krishnanagar 3 August 1994
September
41.0
Coochbehar 11 September 1977
October
40.5
Malda 1 October 1978
November
38.5
Bagati 6 November 1976
December
36.5
Bagati 30 December 1984
West Bengal
48.3 Behrampore 23 May 1981
Record low temperatures
The chart below shows the lowest recorded temperatures in individual stations, for all months in West Bengal, with place and date.
Record low temperature in the plains
The chart below shows the lowest recorded temperatures in individual stations in the plains, for all months in West Bengal, with place and date.
Month
Lowest Recorded Temperature (°C)
Place
Date
January
0.9
Krishnanagar 2 January 1986
February
2.2
Jalpaiguri 5 February 1914
March
6.2
Siliguri 4 March 1965
April
8.1
Coochbehar 9 April 2014
May
11.5
Jalpaiguri 10 May 1987
June
13.8
Contai 12 June 1961
July
12.0
Krishnanagar 16 July 1995
August
12.4
Sandheads
7 August 1972
September
10.4
Sandheads
2 September 1976
October
10.0
Sandheads
1995
November
6.4
Siliguri 30 November 1971
December
2.4
Siliguri 26 December 1961
West Bengal 0.9 Krishnanagar 2 January 1986
Extreme Rainfall
The chart below shows the maximum recorded rainfall in individual stations (observatories) in the state, for all months, with place and date.
Month
Highest Recorded 24 hrs Rainfall (mm)
Place
Date
January
134.6
Darjeeling 10 January 1967
February
161.0
Balurghat 19 February 1989
March
243.2
Sandheads
04 March 1990
April
210.0
Bardhaman 3 April 1994
May
615.0
Sandheads
17 May 1995
June
507.5
Sandheads
21 June 1981
July
884.5
Sagar Islands
22 July 1991
August
490.0
Sandheads
22 August 1991
September
593.6
Sandheads
25 September 1986
October
419.2
Kalimpong 5 October 1968
November
322.0
Sandheads
10 November 1990
December
251.3
Diamond Harbour 11 December 1981
West Bengal 884.5 Sagar Islands 22 July 1991
Rainfall
Annual rainfall varies in different parts of the state. North Bengal receives the highest rainfall, 200 to 400 cm. In the coastal areas rainfall is about 200 cm, in the Ganga plain and in the central part of the state rainfall is about 150–200 cm, and in the western plateau region the amount of rainfall received is about 100 to 125 cm. Drought is a common phenomenon in the Bankura and Purulia districts. Rainfall that occurs in the summer months often brings about heavy storms called Kalbaishakhi.
Cyclones in West Bengal
Mountainous region
Because of the high altitude, mountainous parts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri experience a cool temperate and climate. The average temperature in summer is about 15 °C (59 °F), and winter temperature is about 2 °C (36 °F). Snowfall occurs in some parts of this region. Being obstructed by the Himalayas , the region receives heavy rainfall. Due to the scenic beauty and temperate climate of the region, a huge number of tourists visit the areas. Here Kalimpong is another hill station that is visited by many tourists in all seasons for its scenic beauty and the average cool temperature throughout the year.
Climate data
Climate data for Kolkata (Alipore ) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
32.8
38.4
41.1
43.3
43.7
43.9
39.9
38.4
38.9
39.0
34.9
32.5
43.9
Mean maximum °C (°F)
29.8
33.9
37.5
38.8
39.0
37.8
36.0
35.3
35.5
35.3
33.1
30.0
39.8
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
25.5
29.4
33.7
35.4
35.5
34.1
32.5
32.3
32.6
32.3
30.2
26.7
31.7
Daily mean °C (°F)
19.9
23.8
28.2
30.6
31.2
30.6
29.5
29.4
29.4
28.3
25.1
21.1
27.3
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
14.3
18.1
22.9
25.7
26.8
27.1
26.7
26.6
26.3
24.4
20.1
15.5
22.9
Mean minimum °C (°F)
10.9
12.4
18.2
21.1
21.8
23.9
24.3
24.6
23.9
20.9
16.9
11.9
10.0
Record low °C (°F)
6.7
7.2
10.0
16.1
17.9
20.4
20.6
22.6
20.6
17.2
10.6
7.2
6.7
Average rainfall mm (inches)
15.4
24.6
36.8
55.0
118.5
276.7
371.6
372.1
325.0
179.6
32.6
5.6
1,813.3
Average rainy days
1.1
1.5
2.1
3.2
6.2
12.6
17.5
16.8
13.6
7.4
1.4
0.7
84.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
62
55
51
61
68
77
82
83
82
76
68
65
69
Mean monthly sunshine hours
213.9
211.9
229.4
240.0
232.5
135.0
105.4
117.8
126.0
201.5
216.0
204.6
2,234
Mean daily sunshine hours
6.9
7.5
7.4
8.0
7.5
4.5
3.4
3.8
4.2
6.5
7.2
6.6
6.1
Average ultraviolet index
7
9
11
12
12
12
12
12
11
9
7
6
10
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[ 53] [ 54] [ 55] [ 56] [ 57]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[ 58] [ 59]
Climate data for Kolkata (Dumdum Airport ) 1991–2020, extremes 1939–2020
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
32.5
37.3
40.6
42.8
43.1
43.7
39.2
37.7
37.5
36.8
36.0
33.0
43.7
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
25.3
29.2
33.6
35.9
36.1
34.8
33.2
33.0
33.3
32.5
30.1
26.6
32.0
Daily mean °C (°F)
18.8
22.9
27.4
30.1
30.6
30.3
29.5
29.3
29.3
27.9
24.3
20.1
26.7
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
12.9
16.9
21.9
25.2
26.2
26.8
26.6
26.5
26.2
24.1
19.3
14.3
22.2
Record low °C (°F)
5.0
6.1
12.1
16.6
17.6
19.2
20.1
21.1
21.7
15.7
11.7
6.1
5.0
Average rainfall mm (inches)
15.8
20.2
31.9
53.4
140.5
247.5
366.5
355.4
282.1
170.2
21.3
6.8
1,711.5
Average rainy days
1.1
1.4
2.3
3.5
6.6
12.4
17.6
17.1
13.0
7.1
1.1
0.7
83.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST )
61
53
49
58
66
76
81
82
81
75
67
66
68
Source 1: India Meteorological Department [ 59]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[ 60]
Climate data for Siliguri (
Bagdogra Airport ), Normals (1991-2021), Extremes 1951–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
32.5
33.2
38.1
41.7
40.8
41.9
40.4
40.0
40.1
36.6
33.8
32.6
41.9
Mean maximum °C (°F)
25.6
27.9
32.8
34.9
35.3
36.3
36.0
36.7
35.8
33.5
30.4
27.2
37.0
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
22
24.5
29.3
30.8
29.9
29.5
29.1
29.6
29.2
28.5
26.3
23.4
27.7
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
10.7
12.8
16.1
19.5
22.1
24
24.6
24.6
23.5
19.7
15.2
11.8
18.7
Mean minimum °C (°F)
6.9
7.2
12.5
16.5
18.6
22.0
23.4
23.6
21.9
16.8
11.9
7.7
6.5
Record low °C (°F)
1.9
3.5
6.2
9.6
15.0
20.0
21.0
18.4
19.8
12.3
6.4
2.4
1.9
Average precipitation mm (inches)
23
24
34
76
249
628
843
589
403
121
10
11
3,011
Average rainy days
4
4
5
11
17
20
21
20
18
8
2
2
132
Average relative humidity (%)
69
65
54
63
79
88
90
88
87
80
70
68
75
Average ultraviolet index
5
7
9
11
12
13
14
13
11
8
5
4
9
Source 1: normal temperatures[ 61] [ 62] [ 63]
Source 2: Extremes(India Meteorological Department [ 64] [ 65]
Climate data for Darjeeling (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
19.0
19.2
24.0
27.0
25.7
27.7
28.0
28.5
27.5
26.0
24.5
20.0
28.5
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10.7
12.4
15.6
18.5
19.3
19.8
19.6
20.0
19.8
19.5
17.1
14.0
17.2
Daily mean °C (°F)
6.1
7.7
10.6
13.7
14.9
16.3
16.5
16.7
16.1
15.0
11.7
8.9
12.9
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1.5
2.9
5.7
8.8
10.6
12.8
13.4
13.4
12.4
10.5
6.3
3.8
8.5
Record low °C (°F)
−7.2
−6.4
−4.8
0.0
1.4
6.6
3.9
8.0
6.2
3.2
−4.4
−4.6
−7.2
Average rainfall mm (inches)
13.5
14.0
30.8
76.9
137.9
466.0
656.7
528.2
379.7
59.1
14.4
2.9
2,380
Average rainy days
1.1
1.5
2.8
6.8
10.5
18.8
22.9
21.7
14.9
2.9
0.6
0.7
105.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
81
78
75
78
88
93
94
92
90
84
75
74
84
Mean daily sunshine hours
5.4
5.0
4.7
4.9
4.9
2.4
2.5
3.3
3.2
5.4
6.3
6.1
4.5
Average ultraviolet index
5
6
9
11
13
15
15
14
12
9
6
4
10
Source 1: India Meteorological Department [ 66] [ 67] [ 68]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun 1891–1990)[ 69]
Climate data for Jalpaiguri (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
35.4
35.4
37.3
40.0
40.4
39.4
40.9
38.4
38.8
38.4
38.4
35.4
40.9
Mean maximum °C (°F)
27.2
29.7
34.1
35.8
36.4
36.7
36.4
36.3
35.6
34.3
32.5
29.4
37.4
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
23.5
26.5
30.1
31.8
32.2
32.3
32.1
32.8
32.0
31.5
29.4
26.0
30.1
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
10.7
13.4
17.3
21.1
23.3
25.0
25.5
25.6
24.7
21.8
17.0
12.8
20.0
Mean minimum °C (°F)
7.7
9.2
12.8
16.4
19.7
21.3
22.7
23.3
21.5
18.3
13.8
8.7
8.4
Record low °C (°F)
3.8
2.2
7.8
10.3
11.5
15.5
18.1
18.1
17.7
15.4
9.4
5.6
2.2
Average rainfall mm (inches)
9.0
16.1
35.2
118.7
332.2
628.4
917.3
624.1
511.1
154.1
7.1
3.3
3,356.9
Average rainy days
0.8
1.1
2.3
6.9
12.5
17.4
21.2
17.5
14.3
5.4
0.7
0.3
100.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST )
87
81
73
76
81
86
89
87
87
83
79
83
83
Source: India Meteorological Department [ 70] [ 71]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
33.0
37.0
42.0
45.9
46.6
47.0
41.6
36.8
39.1
37.1
34.2
30.7
47.0
Mean maximum °C (°F)
28.7
32.8
38.2
41.3
41.7
40.2
36.2
34.9
35.1
34.3
32.1
29.1
42.3
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
24.7
28.2
33.4
36.6
36.7
34.9
32.9
32.5
32.4
31.6
29.5
26.1
31.6
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
11.6
14.7
19.3
23.3
25.0
26.0
26.0
26.0
25.3
22.5
17.3
13.0
20.8
Mean minimum °C (°F)
7.8
10.5
14.6
19.0
20.8
22.7
23.9
23.8
23.1
18.5
13.0
9.4
7.7
Record low °C (°F)
5.0
6.0
11.2
14.6
18.1
18.7
20.0
22.4
17.7
15.6
9.7
6.1
5.0
Average rainfall mm (inches)
11.6
25.1
33.2
52.0
113.8
229.7
343.2
296.7
267.5
87.7
10.5
9.0
1,479.9
Average rainy days
1.2
1.9
2.4
3.5
6.3
11.6
15.7
15.1
11.9
4.7
0.9
0.5
75.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST )
76
68
61
66
73
80
85
86
86
81
75
75
76
Source: India Meteorological Department [ 72] [ 73]
Climate data for
Behrampore (1981–2007, extremes 1901–2012)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
34.9
37.2
44.5
46.4
48.3
46.9
40.4
42.4
40.3
39.5
37.8
34.0
48.3
Mean maximum °C (°F)
28.7
32.8
38.3
40.7
41.2
39.4
36.0
35.9
36.0
35.8
33.6
30.2
42.4
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
25.5
29.0
34.0
37.0
36.5
34.9
33.0
33.2
33.1
33.0
31.0
27.3
32.3
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
12.2
15.5
19.8
23.7
25.0
26.1
26.1
26.3
25.8
23.9
19.1
14.3
21.5
Mean minimum °C (°F)
8.9
11.5
15.4
19.3
20.9
23.2
24.0
24.0
23.4
20.3
14.9
10.9
8.8
Record low °C (°F)
3.9
5.0
8.9
15.0
15.3
16.6
21.0
19.6
21.1
15.6
8.3
5.7
3.9
Average rainfall mm (inches)
8.2
17.7
22.3
52.4
129.4
229.2
293.7
269.7
298.5
126.7
9.9
7.6
1,465.5
Average rainy days
0.8
1.4
1.9
3.0
6.6
12
13.5
13.7
12.6
5.1
0.8
0.5
71.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
63
60
53
58
68
79
85
84
84
78
67
65
70
Source: India Meteorological Department [ 74] [ 75]
References
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