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Chlorobutanol
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methylpropan-2-ol
	Other names 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol; Chlorbutol; Chloreton; Chloretone; Chlortran; Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol; 1,1,1-Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol; 2-(Trichloromethyl)propan-2-ol; tert-Trichlorobutyl alcohol; Trichloro-tert-butanol; Trichlorisobutylalcohol; 2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-dimethylethanol
Identifiers
CAS Number	57-15-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1439973 ;
ChemSpider	13842993 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.288
EC Number	200-317-6;
KEGG	D01942 ;
PubChem CID	5977;
UNII	HM4YQM8WRC ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1041217 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H7Cl3O/c1-3(2,8)4(5,6)7/h8H,1-2H3 Key: OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C4H7Cl3O/c1-3(2,8)4(5,6)7/h8H,1-2H3 Key: OSASVXMJTNOKOY-UHFFFAOYAO;
	SMILES ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(C)(C)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H7Cl3O
Molar mass	177.45 g·mol−1
Appearance	White solid
Odor	Camphor
Melting point	95–99 °C (203–210 °F; 368–372 K)
Boiling point	167 °C (333 °F; 440 K)
Solubility in water	Slightly soluble
Solubility in acetone	Soluble
Pharmacology
ATC code	A04AD04 (WHO)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Xn
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 1 0
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Chlorobutanol (trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol) is an organic compound with the formula CCl₃C(OH)(CH₃)₂. The compound is an example of a chlorohydrin. The compound is a preservative, sedative, hypnotic and weak local anesthetic similar in nature to chloral hydrate. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties.^[1] Chlorobutanol is typically used at a concentration of 0.5% where it lends long term stability to multi-ingredient formulations. However, it retains antimicrobial activity at 0.05% in water. Chlorobutanol has been used in anesthesia and euthanasia of invertebrates and fishes.^[2]^[3] It is a white, volatile solid with a camphor-like odor.

Synthesis

Chlorobutanol was first synthesized in 1881 by the German chemist Conrad Willgerodt (1841–1930).^[4]

Chlorobutanol is formed by the reaction of chloroform and acetone in the presence of potassium or sodium hydroxide. It may be purified by sublimation or recrystallisation.^[5]

Parthenogenesis

Chlorobutanol has proven effective at stimulating parthenogenesis in sea urchin eggs up to the pluteus stage, possibly by increasing irritability to cause stimulation. For the eggs of the fish Oryzias latipes, however, chlorobutanol only acted as an anesthetic.^[6]

Pharmacology and toxicity

It is an anesthetic with effects related to isoflurane and halothane.^[7]

Chlorobutanol is toxic to the liver, a skin irritant and a severe eye irritant.^[8]

References

^ Noecker, Robert (2001). "Effects of common ophthalmic preservatives on ocular health". Advances in Therapy. 18 (5): 205–215. doi:10.1007/bf02853166. PMID 11783457. S2CID 1455107.
^ W. N. McFarland & G. W. Klontz (1969). "Anesthesia in fishes". Federation Proceedings. 28 (4): 1535–1540. PMID 4894939.
^ John E. Cooper (2011). "Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 196–204. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.196. PMID 21709312.
^
See:
- Willgerodt, C. (1881). "Ueber die Einwirkung ätzender Alkalien auf halogenirte Verbindungen in Acetonlösungen" [On the action of caustic alkalies on halogenated compounds in acetone solutions]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 14 (2): 2451–2460. doi:10.1002/cber.188101402191.
- Willgerodt, C. (1882). "Ueberführung des Acetonchloroforms in die Oxyisobuttersäure" [Conversion of chlorobutanol into 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 15 (2): 2305–2308. doi:10.1002/cber.188201502176.
- Willgerodt, C. (1883). "Zur Kenntniss des Acetonchloroforms" [[Contribution] to [our] knowledge of chlorobutanol]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 16 (2): 1585. doi:10.1002/cber.18830160218.
- Willgerodt, C.; Genieser, Ad. (1888). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Acetonchloroforms" [Contributions to [our] knowledge of chlorobutanol]. Journal für praktische Chemie (in German). 37 (8): 361–374. doi:10.1002/prac.18880370131.
^ Ho, Chih-Kuo; Wang, Tsan-Ching (September 1959). "Synthesis of Chlorobutanol". Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 6 (1): 80–83. doi:10.1002/jccs.195900009. ISSN 0009-4536.
^ Embryologia 1956
^ Nicholas P. Franks (2006). "Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 147 (Suppl 1): S72 – S81. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706441. PMC 1760740. PMID 16402123.
^ MSDS