Carlina

Carlina
Carlina vulgaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Carduoideae
Tribe: Cardueae
Subtribe: Carlininae
Genus: Carlina
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • Carlowizia Moench
  • Chamaeleon]] Cass.
  • Chromatolepis Dulac
  • Lyrolepis Rech.f.

Carlina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.[2][3] It is distributed from Madeira and the Canary Islands across Europe and northern Africa to Siberia and northwestern China.[4][5][6]

Plants of the genus are known commonly as carline thistles.[7][8]

Description

Carlina species are very similar to true thistles (genus Cirsium) in morphology,[4] and are part of the thistle tribe, Cardueae. Most are biennial herbs, but the genus includes annuals, perennials, shrubs, and dwarf trees, as well. The largest reach about 80 centimeters tall. The stems are upright and branching or unbranched. The whole plant is spiny. The leaves have toothed or lobed blades with spiny edges and sometimes woolly hairs. The flower heads are solitary or borne in inflorescences. The head is hemispherical to bell-shaped and lined with several layers of spiny phyllaries. The outer phyllaries may be very long and leaflike. It contains tubular or funnel-shaped disc florets in shades of yellow or red. The fruit is a hairy cypsela with a plumelike pappus made up of tufts of bristles.[9]

Taxonomy and relationships

Carlina is closely related to the genus Atractylis. Together they are a sister group to the genus Atractylodes in the subtribe Carlininae.[10] Carlina has been divided into five subgenera: Carlina, Carlowizia, Heracantha, Lyrolepis, and Mitina.[4]

Carlina biebersteinii
Carlina canariensis
Carlina corymbosa

There are about 28[4][9] to 34[11] species in the genus.

Etymology

The genus name honors the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558).[9]

Uses

Carlina species have been used as herbal remedies in European systems of traditional medicine.[12] C. acaulis root is known as Carlinae radix and is still used medicinally as a diuretic and a treatment for such conditions as skin lesions and rashes, catarrh, and toothache. Most commercial preparations of Carlinae radix are not C. acaulis, but are in fact adulterated with C. acanthifolia, a related species. The essential oil of both species is mostly composed of carlina oxide, an acetylene derivative. The compound has antimicrobial activity.[13] The young flowerhead of C. acaulis is also eaten like an artichoke.

References

  1. ^ Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 828-829 in Latin
  3. ^ Tropicos, Carlina L.
  4. ^ a b c d Kovanda, M. (2002). Observations on Carlina biebersteinii. Thaiszia Journal of Botany 12(1), 75-82.
  5. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Carlina includes photos and European distribution maps
  6. ^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 39 刺苞菊 ci bao ju Carlina biebersteinii Bernhardi ex Hornemann, Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 94. 1819.
  7. ^ Carlina. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  8. ^ Carlina. In: Greuter, W. & E. von Raab-Straube. (Eds.) Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase.
  9. ^ a b c Carlina. Flora of North America.
  10. ^ Peng, H. S., et al. (2011). Molecular systematics of genus Atractylodes (Compositae, Cardueae): Evidence from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-F sequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(11), 14623-33.
  11. ^ Carlina. The Plant List.
  12. ^ Đorđević, S., et al. (2012). Bioactivity assays on Carlina acaulis and C. acanthifolia root and herb extracts. Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 7(3), 1213-22.
  13. ^ Djordjevic, S., et al. (2005). Composition of Carlina acanthifolia root essential oil. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 41(4), 410-12.

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