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Carl Bergmann
Carl Bergmann
Born	Karl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann; 18 May 1814; Göttingen
Died	30 April 1865 (aged 50); Geneva
Alma mater	University of Göttingen
Known for	"Bergmann's rule"
	Scientific career
Fields	Anatomy, physiology
Thesis	De placentae foetalis resorptione (On the resorption of the fetal placenta) (1838)

Carl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann (18 May 1814 – 30 April 1865), also known as Karl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann, was a German anatomist, physiologist, and biologist. He developed Bergmann's rule (that populations and species of animals of larger size are found in colder environments).^[1] He microscopically examined the cells of the retina to determine which of them convert light into neural signals that lead ultimately to visual perception: the cones and the rods.^[2] Bergmann also coined the terms fovea centralis (for the very center of the retina),^[2] homoiothermic (referring to warm-blooded animals), and poikilothermic (referring to non-homoiothermic animals).^[3]

Biography

Bergmann was born in Göttingen. His father was Friedrich Christian Bergmann (1785–1845), a lawyer and professor. His mother was Henriette Christine, née Mejer. After graduating from high school in Holzminden in 1832, he studied medicine and natural sciences at the universities in Göttingen and Würzburg.^[4]

In 1838, Bergmann received his medical doctorate at the University of Göttingen,^[4] with a dissertation entitled "De placentae foetalis resorptione" (On the resorption of the fetal placenta).^[5]

In 1839, Bergmann obtained his habilitation at the University of Göttingen. He worked as a private lecturer at the university in medicine for physiology, comparative anatomy, and forensic medicine.^[4]

From 1840 Bergmann was assistant to Rudolf Wagner for the university's comparative anatomical collection. In 1843 he was appointed associate professor at Göttingen University.^[4]

In 1847 Bergmann published the work on the relationships between the heat economy of animals and their size.^[6] This regular connection between heat balance and body size in animals was named after him - Bergmann's rule.^[7]^[4]

From October 1852 Bergmann became a full professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Rostock and a member of Rostock's Medicinal Commission. In 1861 he was appointed Obermedicinalrath (Senior Medical Officer). From 1858–1859, Bergmann was rector of Rostock University.^[4]

In 1859, Bergmann was elected as a member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences.^[8]^[4] In 1864, he was elected as a member of the Leopoldina Academy of Scholars.^[9]^[4]

Carl Bergmann was married to Wilhelmine Bergmann, née Heusinger von Waldegge.^[4]

Bergmann died in Geneva on 30 April 1865, following his return from Menton, where he had resided for the winter because of his deteriorating health.^[7]^[4]

Research

Neuroscience

Prior to the 1850s, most scientists believed that vision begins in the retinal ganglion cells.^[2] However in 1854, Bergmann argued that rods and cones must be the retinal cells responsible for converting light into vision. This was because he found that these were the only cells of the fovea centralis, all the others having been pulled out of the path of light to the retina.^[2] Bergmann said:

The fovea centralis, located in the middle of the most acute part of the retina, is, of course, not a blind spot. Rather, as an unusually constructed part located here, it can be assumed to be particularly advantageous. In fact, it is only those retinal elements present here that can be assumed to be percipient.^[2]^: 249

Later in the same year Heinrich Müller arrived at the same conclusion from careful measurement of moving shadows of the retinal blood vessels, using the principal of motion parallax.^[10]^[11]

Publications

Bergmann, C. (1846). Lehrbuch der Medicina Forensis für Juristen. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig
Bergmann, C. (1848). Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse . Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen.
Bergmann, C. and R. Leuckart (1855). Anatomisch-physiologische Uebersicht des Thierreichs. Vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie. J. B. Müller, Stuttgart.
Bergmann, C. (1854). "Zur Kenntnis des gelben Flecks der Netzhaut." Zeitschrift fur rationelle Medicin 3(1): 245-252.
Bergmann, C. (1857). "Anatomisches und Physiologisches über die Netzhaut des Auges." Zeitschrift fur rationelle Medicin 3(1): 83-108.

References

^ Bergmann's rule at Who Named It
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Thibos, Larry; Lenner, Katharina; Thibos, Cameron (2024). "Carl Bergmann (1814–1865) and the discovery of the anatomical site in the retina where vision is initiated". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 33 (2): 180–203. doi:10.1080/0964704X.2023.2286991. PMID 38109332.
^ Bergmann, Carl. In: Lexikon der Biologie auf Spektrum.de. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1999.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Bergmann, Karl Georg Lucas Christian". Catalogue Professorum Rostochiensium. Rostock University. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
^ Carl, Bergmann. "MD dissertation". Göttingen University Library catalog. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
^ Ueber die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grösse. In: Göttinger Studien. 1. Abt., 1847, ZDB-ID 514193-x, S. 595–708.
^ ^a ^b Karl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann at Who Named It
^ Holger Krahnke: Die Mitglieder der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 1751–2001 (= Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse. Folge 3, Bd. 246 = Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. Folge 3, Bd. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1, S. 37.
^ Mitgliedseintrag von Carl Bergmann bei der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Retrieved 23 May 2016.
^ Müller, Heinrich (1855). "Über die entoptische Wahrnehmung der Netzhautgefässe, insbesondere als Beweismittel für die Lichtperception durch die nach hinten gelegenen Netzhautelemente". Verhandlungen. Physikalisch-Medizinische Gesellschaft in Würzburg. 5: 411–47.
^ Werner, JS; Gorczynska, I; Spillmann, L (2022). "Heinrich müller (1820-1864) and the entoptic discovery of the site in the retina where vision is initiated". J Hist Neurosci. 31 (1): 64–90. doi:10.1080/0964704X.2021.1959165. PMID 34720038.