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Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.

Calculus may refer to:

Biology

Calculus (dental), deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar
Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone

Infinitesimal calculus (or simply calculus), which investigates motion and rates of change
- Differential calculus
- Integral calculus
- Non-standard calculus, an approach to infinitesimal calculus using Robinson's infinitesimals
Calculus of sums and differences (difference operator), also called the finite-difference calculus, a discrete analogue of "calculus"
Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators
Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
Tensor calculus (also called tensor analysis), a generalization of vector calculus that encompasses tensor fields
- Vector calculus (also called vector analysis), comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner-product space
- Matrix calculus, a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices
Numerical calculus (also called numerical analysis), the study of numerical approximations
Umbral calculus, the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials
The calculus of variations, a field of study that deals with extremizing functionals
Itô calculus An extension of calculus to stochastic processes.

Logical calculus, a formal system that defines a language and rules to derive an expression from premises
- Propositional calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions
- Predicate calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates
- Proof calculus, a framework for expressing systems of logical inference
  - Sequent calculus, a proof calculus for first-order logic
  - Cirquent calculus, a proof calculus based on graph-style structures called cirquents
- Situation calculus, a framework for describing relations within a dynamic system
  - Event calculus, a model for reasoning about events and their effects
  - Fluent calculus, a model for describing relations within a dynamic system
Calculus of relations, the manipulation of binary relations with the algebra of sets, composition of relations, and transpose relations
Epsilon calculus, a logical language which replaces quantifiers with the epsilon operator
Fitch-style calculus, a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic
Modal μ-calculus, a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking

Bondi k-calculus, a method used in relativity theory
Jones calculus, used in optics to describe polarized light
Mueller calculus, used in optics to handle Stokes vectors, which describe the polarization of incoherent light
Operational calculus, used to solve differential equations arising in electronics

Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory
- Kappa calculus, a reformulation of the first-order fragment of typed lambda calculus
- Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting into lambda calculus
Process calculus, a set of approaches to formulating formal models of concurrent systems
- Ambient calculus, a family of models for concurrent systems based on the concept of agent mobility
- Join calculus, a theoretical model for the design of distributed programming languages
- π-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes
Relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model
- Domain relational calculus
- Tuple calculus
Refinement calculus, a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs

a calculus (pl. calculi), a Roman counting token
Battlefield calculus, military calculation of all known factors into the decision-making and action-planning process
Calculus of negligence, a legal standard in U.S. tort law to determine if a duty of care has been breached
Felicific calculus, a procedure to evaluate the benefit of an action, according to Bentham
Professor Calculus, a fictional character in the comic-strip series The Adventures of Tintin