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Caged
Caged
	Theatrical release poster
Directed by	John Cromwell
Written by	Bernard C. Schoenfeld; Virginia Kellogg
Screenplay by	Virginia Kellogg
Based on	Women Without Men by Kellogg and Schoenfeld
Produced by	Jerry Wald
Starring	Eleanor Parker; Agnes Moorehead; Betty Garde; Hope Emerson; Ellen Corby;
Cinematography	Carl E. Guthrie
Edited by	Owen Marks
Music by	Max Steiner
Distributed by	Warner Bros.
Release date	May 19, 1950;
Running time	96 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Box office	$1.5 million

Caged is a 1950 American film noir^[2] directed by John Cromwell and starring Eleanor Parker, Agnes Moorehead, Betty Garde, Hope Emerson, and Ellen Corby. It was nominated for three Academy Awards.^[3]

The film portrays the story of a young newlywed sent to prison for armed robbery. Her brutal experiences while incarcerated, along with the killing of her husband, transform her from a meek, naive woman into a hardened convict.^[4] The film's subplot includes massive prison corruption.^{[citation needed]}

Caged was adapted by Virginia Kellogg from the story "Women Without Men" by Kellogg and Bernard C. Schoenfeld. In 1948, the studio had originally intended the film to be a vehicle for Bette Davis and Joan Crawford, but financial differences intervened.^[5]

Plot

Married 19-year-old Marie Allen, is sent to prison after a botched armed robbery attempt with her husband, Tom, who is killed. While receiving her initial prison physical examination, she learns that she is two months pregnant.

Marie has trouble adjusting to the monotonous and cutthroat world of the women's prison. She meets Kitty Stark, a murderous shoplifter, who promises Marie work as a thief when she is released. Kitty stresses the importance of toughness while incarcerated.

Informed that she may be paroled in ten months, Marie witnesses several prisoners who are granted parole but must remain in jail because their parole officers have not secured work for them. One such hopeless prisoner hangs herself. This steadily drains Marie's hopes for an early release.

Despite the rule of sadistic matron Evelyn Harper, Marie gives birth to a healthy but premature baby. She plans to grant temporary custody to her mother with the intent of taking the child after she is released, but Marie's stepfather will not allow the baby in his house. After Marie is denied parole, she tries half-heartedly to escape. She is not punished for the attempt, but the authorities force her to surrender her child for adoption.

The arrival of notorious criminal Elvira Powell triggers a rivalry with Kitty. Elvira bribes Harper to place Kitty in solitary confinement, where Kitty is beaten. When a kitten is found in the jail yard, Marie attempts to adopt it as a pet, but Harper tries to take the kitten, prompting the inmates to riot. The kitten is accidentally killed during the melee and Marie is punished for fighting with Harper.

Before taking Marie to a solitary-confinement cell, Harper shaves Marie's head, symbolically stripping her of her innocence. Harper has disagreements with sympathetic reformist prison superintendent Ruth Benton, especially after the latest incident with Marie. Because Harper is a political appointee, the police commissioner refuses to fire her and instead asks for Benton's resignation. When Benton declares that she will demand a public hearing, the resignation issue is dropped.

Kitty finally rejoins her fellow inmates after serving a month in solitary confinement, but she is distraught and mentally unstable. After being harassed by Harper in the prison cafeteria, Kitty stabs Harper to death as the inmates watch and make no attempt to stop it. Marie—now hardened by her exposure to career criminals and sadistic guards—encourages Kitty in the fatal assault.

Eligible for parole once again, Marie claims to have secured a job outside the prison. However, the job is simply a ruse to win her release so that she can join Elvira's shoplifting gang. Marie leaves the institution a cynical, unscrupulous woman. After Marie is freed, an office assistant asks Benton what to do with Marie's file. Benton replies: "Keep it active. She'll be back."

Cast

Eleanor Parker as Marie Allen
Agnes Moorehead as Ruth Benton
Ellen Corby as Emma Barber
Hope Emerson as Evelyn Harper
Betty Garde as Kitty Stark
Sheila MacRae as Helen

Jan Sterling as Jeta Kovsky aka "Smoochie"
Lee Patrick as Elvira Powell
Jane Darwell as Solitary Confinement Matron
Gertrude W. Hoffmann as Millie
Olive Deering as June Roberts
Gertrude Michael as Georgia Harrison

Reception

In 1950, Variety gave a mixed but predominantly positive review of Caged, characterizing it as a "grim, unrelieved study of cause and effect" that "still adds up to very drab entertainment".^[6] Nevertheless, Variety was very complimentary of nearly all aspects of the film's production, including its direction, editing, set designs, music, and cast performances, especially those of Parker and Emerson:

"Plot provides Eleanor Parker with what is known as a meaty femme role, completely deglamorized, and she plays it with considerable ability. There are other strong performances...all running true to the types depicted, and the most colorful is the sadistic prison matron socked over by Hope Emerson. ...The direction by John Cromwell and Jerry Wald's production draw a rather clear picture of the dreariness of prison life and the hopelessness it instills in all but the very strong inmate. There's high and low society, a definite blue book based on crime and convictions, among the prisoners....Art direction, set directions and the lensing by Carl Guthrie all emphasize the grimness of prison life. Cutting has done a good job in holding the footage to 96 minutes, and there is a Max Steiner score that fits the mood of the production."^[6]

Another American reviewer in 1950, Film Bulletin, gave generally high marks as well to Caged.^[7] The publication contended that the film's "stark, gripping" social commentary would be even more powerful if the "dismal atmosphere" of its storyline had at least a few contrasting lighter moments.^[7] “'Caged’”, Film Bulletin observed, "is to penal institutions what The Snake Pit was to mental institutions and The Lost Weekend to alcoholism."^[7]

In a much later review, critic Emanuel Levy in 2007 generally praised the film too:

...master of melodrama, John Cromwell directs in a taut style, coaxing excellent performances from his female-dominated cast..."Caged" walks a fine line between a socially conscious drama (and wake-up call) and exploitative, borderline campy fare.^[8]

Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide in 2014 favorably awarded Caged three out of four stars, describing the film overall as “stark” with "remarkable" performances.^[9]

Accolades

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result
Academy Awards^[10]	Best Actress	Eleanor Parker	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Hope Emerson	Nominated
	Best Story and Screenplay	Virginia Kellogg and Bernard C. Schoenfeld	Nominated
Venice International Film Festival^[11]	Golden Lion	John Cromwell	Nominated
Venice International Film Festival^[11]	Best Actress	Eleanor Parker	Won

In popular culture

Caged is satirized in a 1977 SCTV comedy sketch as "Broads Behind Bars" with the character of Marie renamed "Cheryl" (and portrayed by comedian Catherine O'Hara). Cheryl is depicted as a teenager in the mid-to-late 1950s, who after smoking "pot" ends up in prison after being framed for armed robbery and also learns later that she is pregnant. The character of Kitty is played by Andrea Martin, while John Candy, in drag, plays the role of matron Harper (called "Schultzy"). A knife fight between Kitty and Harper occurs in the skit, instead of a fork as in the film, although both Kitty and Schultzy die. Kitty is fatally stabbed by Schultzy, and Schultzy is later killed by Cheryl. For her action, Cheryl is then told she can be released from prison, however, she responds by only laughing and declining the offer, echoing Kitty's remark in the original film, “No dice!” The skit, in the end, presents itself not only as a parody of “women-in-prison” movies like Caged but also as a spoof of the anti-marijuana films that were presented to students in many American high schools during the late 1950s and early 1960s.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Top-Grosses of 1950", Variety (New York, N.Y), January 3, 1951, page 58. Internet Archive, San Francisco. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
^ Fertig 2014, p. 126.
^ https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/26250
^ "Caged (1950)". catalog, American Film Institute (AFI), Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
^ Rode, Alan K. "Caged! Classic, Not Camp" (PDF). Noir City Sentinel (Summer, 2010). Retrieved 25 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b “Brog.”(1950). "'Caged'", review, Variety, May 3, 1950, page 6. Internet Archive. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "'Caged’ Stark, Gripping Prison Film Is Highly Exploitable", Film Bulletin (New York, N.Y.), May 8, 1950, page 10. Internet Archive. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
^ Levy, Emanuel (2007). "Caged (1950): Controversial, Oscar-Nominated Women Prison Melodrama, with Lesbian Themes”, review, Emanuel Levy Cinema 24/7, April 20, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
^ Caged at Turner Classic Movies
^ "The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners". Oscars.org (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences). Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ "Venice Film Festival 1950". British Pathe. Retrieved 2 September 2013.

Bibliography

Fertig, Mark (2014). Film Noir 101: The 101 Best Film Noir Posters from the 1940s-1950s. Seattle, Washington: Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 978-1-606-99759-8.

External links

Listen to this article (8 minutes)

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Caged at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Caged at IMDb
Caged at AllMovie
Caged at the TCM Movie Database
Caged at Rotten Tomatoes
Caged film trailer on YouTube

Streaming audio

Eleanor Parker also stars in the radio version of Caged, which was originally broadcast eight months after the film's release. It was presented by NBC Radio on August 2, 1951, as episode #112 of the network's anthology series Screen Directors Playhouse. That adaptation is free for download at the Internet Archive.