CBS Building

CBS Building
The CBS Building, a skyscraper with a glass-and-black-granite facade, as seen from ground level on a sunny day
Map
Alternative names
  • Black Rock
  • 51W52
General information
TypeOffice
Architectural styleModernist
Location51 West 52nd Street, Manhattan, New York
Coordinates40°45′40″N 73°58′44″W / 40.76111°N 73.97889°W / 40.76111; -73.97889
Current tenantsCBS
Construction started1961
Completed1965
OwnerHarbor Group International
Height491 feet (150 m)
Technical details
Floor count38
Design and construction
Architect(s)Eero Saarinen
Structural engineerPaul Weidlinger
Main contractorGeorge A. Fuller Company
Website
51west52.com
DesignatedOctober 21, 1997
Reference no.1971[1]

The CBS Building, also known as Black Rock and 51W52, is a 38-story, 491-foot-tall (150 m) tower at 51 West 52nd Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is the headquarters of the CBS broadcasting network. The building was constructed from 1961 to 1964 and was the only skyscraper designed by Eero Saarinen, who referred to the building as the "simplest skyscraper statement in New York".[2] The interior spaces and furnishings were designed by Saarinen and, after his death, Florence Knoll Bassett. The building was also the headquarters of CBS Records (later Sony Music Entertainment) before the early 1990s.

The building is located on the eastern side of Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas) between 52nd and 53rd streets, with its main entrances on the side streets. The "Black Rock" nickname is derived from the design of its facade, which consists of angled dark-gray granite piers alternating with dark-tinted glass. The facade was designed to make the building appear as a continuous slab. The building has a gross floor area of approximately 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2). The building's superstructure is made of reinforced concrete, and steel beams are only used below ground; the concrete frame uses polyurethane insulation.

The design was finalized in 1961, and, despite Saarinen's death shortly afterward, construction started in 1962. The first employees moved into the building in late 1964 and it was completed the following year. The building initially served as the headquarters of CBS, which occupied all the above-ground space until the early 1990s, when it started leasing some stories to other tenants. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the CBS Building as a city landmark in 1997. CBS attempted to sell the building twice between 1998 and 2001, and ViacomCBS again attempted to sell it in early 2020. Harbor Group International agreed to buy the structure in August 2021 and renovated it in 2023.

Site

The CBS Building is at 51 West 52nd Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is on the eastern side of Sixth Avenue (officially Avenue of the Americas[3]) between 52nd and 53rd streets. The lot covers 47,725 square feet (4,433.8 m2).[4][a] The site has a frontage of 255 feet (78 m) on 52nd Street to the south, with a depth of 200 feet (61 m) between 52nd and 53rd streets.[4] Nearby buildings include the Credit Lyonnais Building to the west, the New York Hilton Midtown to the northwest, 53W53 to the north, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) to the northeast, the 53rd Street Library and 21 Club to the east, and 75 Rockefeller Plaza to the southeast.[4] The CBS Building stands directly above a New York City Subway tunnel connecting the Sixth Avenue and 53rd Street subway lines.[5][b]

The building, developed for broadcasting company CBS, was designed to occupy only 60 percent of its site.[7][8] It is three blocks north of Rockefeller Center, the headquarters of CBS's rival NBC.[9] By the late 1950s, the midtown section of Sixth Avenue was being developed with office towers and hotels, including the Hilton hotel, the Time-Life Building, and the Equitable Building at 1285 Avenue of the Americas.[10][11][12] The CBS Building had replaced five apartment buildings of four stories each, as well as a 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) parking lot.[10][13] CBS had acquired these structures in July 1960[10][14] from developer William Zeckendorf, who had been forced to sell the site to pay off increasing debts.[10][13]

Architecture

The CBS Building was designed by Eero Saarinen,[15][16] whose other designs ranged from the Gateway Arch, the General Motors Technical Center, and Dulles International Airport's main terminal to chairs for the Knoll company.[17] The George A. Fuller Company was the general contractor for the project.[12] Cosentini Associates was the mechanical engineer,[18] while Paul Weidlinger was the structural engineer.[18][19] Carson, Lundin & Shaw planned the interior layout of the building, designing the mechanical systems and interior partitions.[20][21] Acoustical engineer Paul Veneklasen advised the firm on how to design different spaces in the building, based on varying acoustical requirements for different divisions.[22] The furnishings were manufactured by Florence Knoll Bassett,[23][24] whom Saarinen had invited to the project shortly before his death in 1961.[25][26] CBS's design director Lou Dorfsman and president Frank Stanton worked with Knoll to arrange the art in the building.[26]

The building measures 135 by 160 feet (41 by 49 m)[27] and is 491 feet (150 m) tall, with 38 stories.[28][29] It does not contain any setbacks on intermediate levels.[30] The building is recessed 25 feet (7.6 m) from the lot line on the north, west, and south and is recessed the same distance from an auxiliary building to the east.[31] A separate structure with a loading area was provided east of the building, allowing the main structure to be a standalone slab.[32] The building's massing related to those for earlier standalone buildings, such as the unbuilt Tribune Tower design by Eero Saarinen's father Eliel, as well as Louis Sullivan's Guaranty Building. The uniform treatment of the CBS Building's facade differed greatly from these earlier designs, which had been divided horizontally into three sections.[33]

Plaza

Surrounding the building is a plaza that is about 3.5 feet (1.1 m) below the Sixth Avenue sidewalk.[8] It is reached by a flight of five steps from that street.[34] The eastern part of the plaza is slightly lower, being six steps below 52nd Street and seven steps below 53rd Street.[8] The plaza contains Canadian black granite pavers, the same material used in the facade.[35] In contrast to the nearly contemporary Seagram Building, which had a decorative plaza with fountains and plants, the CBS Building's plaza was designed solely as a backdrop for the tower.[36] Consequently, the plaza was not designed with seating, and there were no storefronts at plaza level.[2] Before his death, Saarinen had written of his belief that a tower should stand as a solitary mass, detached from shorter buildings.[37]

At the time of the building's construction, New York City planners were considering enacting the 1961 Zoning Resolution, which would allow skyscrapers to have a slab-like shape and additional floor area in exchange for the inclusion of ground-level open spaces.[38] When he was designing the CBS Building, Saarinen had calculated that each story would need to have a floor area of about 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) to be profitable, even though the new zoning would have allowed only 16,000 square feet (1,500 m2) for each floor.[39] The presence of the plaza around the CBS Building helped influence the content of the zoning resolution, which was passed later in 1961.[40][41] In the 1980s, an additional plaza was built to the east, connecting 52nd and 53rd streets and separating the CBS Building from EF Hutton's then-new building at 31 West 52nd Street.[42] Large planters were added around the plaza in the 1990s and demolished in the 2020s.[43]

Facade

The facade consists of 5-foot-wide (1.5 m) vertical concrete piers clad with Canadian black granite, alternating with 5-foot-wide vertical bays of dark-tinted glass.[44] The design was intended to "keep glass areas to a desirable minimum", according to the contractors,[12] while also permitting natural light from multiple angles.[33] John Dinkeloo, one of Saarinen's associates, also believed that dark stone was better than glass at showing strength.[45] At the time of the building's construction, granite was generally associated with strength, while concrete was largely considered comparatively weak.[46] The combination of black-granite piers and dark glass make the CBS Building appear as a granite slab from some angles.[47] The facade led to its nickname "Black Rock",[48][49] though CBS cites the building's proximity to Rockefeller Center as another influence for the nickname.[49] The piers are triangular,[50] which Architectural Record said made the piers appear as a "continuous accordion pleated granite faced wall" when perceived from a certain angle.[51] Architectural writer Ada Louise Huxtable characterized this effect as "trompe-l'oeil",[52] and Dinkeloo called it an example of "op architecture".[45]

Entrances to the CBS Building, seen from Sixth Avenue looking north. Stairs lead up to the sidewalk to the west, and the entrances are to the east. There is a sculpted sign reading "Charles Schwab" in front of the entrances.
The Sixth Avenue side was originally designed without entrances.

The sides of the piers extend outward 45 degrees from the building line, thereby creating a 90-degree angle at the tip of a "V".[53] Each of the CBS Building's corners consists of two V-shaped piers, which appear as a massive load-bearing chamfer,[54] though this effect is purely aesthetic.[55] The northwest-corner pier bears no load; a section of that pier was designed to be removable so large mechanical equipment could be lifted into and out of the building.[56] Unlike at other contemporary skyscrapers with load-bearing walls, where the walls on the lower stories are thicker than those on the upper stories, the piers in the CBS Building are of a uniform width.[57] During the construction process, CBS executives and Saarinen's team considered using synthetic granite for the facade, but CBS chairman William S. Paley ultimately decided to use genuine granite, since it was more durable.[58]

The piers divide the west and east facades vertically into 12 bays, while the north and south facades are divided into 15 bays.[59] The glass panes contain bronze-finished aluminum frames that are about 18 feet (5.5 m) tall on the ground story and 9 feet (2.7 m) tall on upper stories.[60] The panes are separated vertically by 6-inch-tall (150 mm) windowsills between each story. The windows are recessed 2 inches (51 mm) from the piers on the exterior and 18 inches (460 mm) on the interior.[61] For insulation, 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) of polyurethane foam was sprayed in the piers. According to the insulation contractor, the CBS Building was the first New York City high-rise to use polyurethane as insulation.[19]

To make the building appear imposing, Saarinen did not include a main entrance from Sixth Avenue in his design, because he did not want to modify the piers on that side. He also refused to use entasis (applying a convex curve for aesthetic purposes).[62] The main entrances were instead placed on the 52nd Street and 53rd Street sides, though small doors were later installed on Sixth Avenue.[63] On 52nd Street, the entrances are in the seven center bays and consist of single, double, and revolving doors; the easternmost set of doors leads to the ground-level restaurant. There are also seven entrances on 53rd Street, but the entrance to the restaurant on that side is separated from the other entrance doorways by a window. On the east facade are doorways that lead directly into the restaurant space.[54] On the second story, a mechanical floor,[64] there are metal grilles instead of glass panes.[60] Similar grates are placed at the top story, also a mechanical floor.[61]

Structural features

The CBS Building has a superstructure made of reinforced concrete;[65] it was the city's first skyscraper with a concrete superstructure to be built after World War II.[38] Paul Weidlinger of Saarinen's engineering team said: "Too many people were saying 'it cannot be done' and we were itching to show them."[66] Saarinen's team had considered making a superstructure of steel, as well as a superstructure with a mixture of steel and concrete, before deciding on an all-concrete structure after evaluating the cost of each option.[67] During the planning process, the price of steel surpassed the price of concrete, influencing the team's decision.[39] The concrete used in the CBS Building's floor slabs was 25 percent lighter than that used in conventional concrete slabs.[68]

Because the exterior piers are spaced so closely together, they double as load-bearing walls.[69] This contrasted with other contemporary skyscrapers, where internal columns typically carried the structural loads.[33] Within each pier, insulation is placed between the granite cladding and the reinforced concrete, allowing the concrete piers to retain the same temperature as the building's mechanical core.[18] The piers contain electrical wiring, air-conditioning ducts, and heating ducts.[70] Only the intake pipes and ducts are within the piers; the return pipes and ducts are within the core.[61] In addition, each pier supports floor beams, which connect to a structural core at the center of the building. On the inner face of each pier is an L-shaped beam, which carries the floor plates.[71] To avoid impacting the subway tunnel directly underneath the building, some of the piers are placed on large steel girders over the tunnel.[72] The steel girders above the subway were the only major pieces of steel used during construction.[73]

The CBS Building's mechanical core includes the elevators and stairs[74] and measures 55 by 85 feet (17 by 26 m).[75] It was designed to withstand the wind shear hitting the building.[18] The core carries most of the building's structural loads,[56] but some of the loads are transferred through the concrete floor slabs to the piers on the facade.[18] There are 17-inch-deep (430 mm) ribs on the central floor slabs, and the walls of the mechanical core are between 12 and 28 inches (300 and 710 mm) thick.[61] The office space on each story has a maximum depth of 35 feet (11 m) between the curtain wall and the core.[76] The offices do not contain columns; the core is the only obstruction on each floor.[77] By relocating all mechanical spaces, elevators, and stairs to the core, Saarinen wanted to maximize the efficiency of the floor layout.[78]

Interior

According to Architectural Record, the CBS Building has about 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) in gross floor area,[79] while according to the New York City Department of City Planning, it has 817,095 square feet (75,911 m2).[4] Sixteen elevators are placed within the mechanical core;[19][80] as of 2023, the elevators use a destination dispatch system.[81] On each story, a passageway runs through the core, providing access to both the elevator lobbies and service rooms there.[82]

Ground floor and basement

The design of the CBS Building's ground story matched the building's exterior appearance.[83] The ground story was originally divided into a banking space to the west, a restaurant to the east, and the main lobby in the center.[84] The lobby, the only interior space designed by Saarinen's firm,[85] was split into two sections that flanked an elevator core.[86] The architects installed vertical bronze batten walls on either side of each entrance, interspersed with the flat inner faces of the granite exterior piers.[86] The floor of the lobby was generally made of granite, except around the elevators, whereas the floor and walls were made of travertine.[84] These surfaces were modified in 1992. The original design of the lobby was largely restored in the early 2020s, although grid-shaped chandeliers were added.[43] Following the 2020s renovation, the entrance to the lobby on 53rd Street was converted to a tenant-only entrance, while a new reception desk was added at 52nd Street.[43] In addition, the lobby was decorated with materials reminiscent of the original facade's design. These included wooden boards with brass tips; a reception desk with backlit stone; and granite wall slabs.[87] A fresco by Vincent Ashbahian, with decorations inspired by CBS's logo, is placed above the desk.[87][88]

The western part of the ground floor originally contained a banking space[83] used by the Bank of New York.[89][90] The firm of Haines, Lundberg Waehler designed the bank,[36] whose space extended into the basement. Escalators, a private elevator, and a stairway connected the ground floor and basement.[90] According to Alan R. Griffith, later a president of the bank, the presence of the branch in the CBS Building gave the bank an advantage over its competitors in lending to communications companies.[91] The basement also contained storage space and a mailroom for CBS,[43] in addition to a food-preparation kitchen.[92]

The eastern part of the ground floor originally had a restaurant called "The Ground Floor",[93] designed by Warren Platner.[94] The restaurant, originally operated by Jerry Brody of Restaurant Associates,[95] was designed to accommodate 220 guests for dinner.[96] The restaurant space had a grill room and an open kitchen at its center.[92] There was also a bar facing 52nd Street and a principal dining room facing 53rd Street.[89] The main lighting system consisted of mahogany-and-glass fixtures with filament bulbs.[92] Dorfman designed a 35-foot-wide (11 m) by 8.5-foot-tall (2.6 m) artwork, Gastrotypographicalassemblage, for the restaurant; it listed all of the restaurant's dishes in hand-milled wood type.[97] The artwork, removed in the 1990s,[98] was reinstalled in the Culinary Institute of America at Hyde Park in the 2010s.[99] As of 2018, the space contains the Nusr-Et steakhouse, operated by Turkish chef Salt Bae.[100]

An amenity area including a concierge lobby, tenant lounge, and a 119-seat "forum"[81] was constructed within the building in 2023.[101][102] Known as Club 53,[102] the space occupies the northern half of the lobby, along 53rd Street, and is for tenants and their visitors.[43] A staircase, hanging above a shallow pool, descends to the basement;[43][87] the staircase has glass railings and undulating stainless-steel cladding.[87] The spaces on the lower level include the forum, a lounge, a food bar, and a fitness room.[43][103][104] Club 53 is largely decorated with furnishings from Florence Knoll Bassett, in reference to her role in designing the original interiors.[43][87]

The 5-foot-wide bays of the facade influenced the CBS Building's interior arrangement since, at the time, office space could easily be arranged into modules measuring 5 by 5 feet,[105] which allowed for high flexibility in planning interior offices. As originally arranged, CBS's private offices measured at least 10 by 10 feet (3.0 by 3.0 m).[106] The width of the facade's piers meant that the smallest offices along the building's perimeter could border a windowless exterior wall.[107] There was a high amount of standardization on floors with executive offices. Presidents had offices measuring 20 by 20 ft (6.1 by 6.1 m), vice presidents 15 by 15 ft (4.6 by 4.6 m), directors 15 by 10 ft (4.6 by 3.0 m), and managers 10 by 10 ft (3.0 by 3.0 m).[61] Conference rooms could be placed around the mechanical core, as they did not require much natural light.[108] Even so, the lack of interior columns allowed the clerical offices and interior spaces to receive sufficient sunlight.[109] The ceilings contain recessed fluorescent lights, along with air-conditioning ducts.[61]

At the building's opening, Architectural Forum wrote of the office designs: "Rich materials have been used throughout and no detail has been left unstudied."[110] Movable partitions could be set up on each story; the partitions themselves had magnetic hangers because nails could not be driven into them.[20] In designing the offices, the interior designers used varying color schemes to create what Architectural Forum characterized as a "bright and cheerful atmosphere".[111] Knoll's team designed the reception area on every floor with different color schemes, furniture, and works of art.[25][111] CBS executives used large dining tables to hold small meetings and do paperwork, though they also had smaller furniture with items such as TVs, radios, and personal documents.[112] Furniture and decorations were made as inconspicuous as possible; CBS employees were not allowed to display personal decorations or even family photographs.[113]

Mechanical stories are placed directly above the lobby as well as at the top floor.[64] The second story controls the plumbing, heating, and ventilation systems, while the top story contains a cooling tower.[61] In typical New York City office buildings, some mechanical equipment is placed in the basement, but this was not feasible for the CBS Building, since vibrations from passing subway trains could affect the equipment.[19] There is also a roof garden, which was renovated in the 2020s.[87]

History

William S. Paley became chairman of the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) in 1928 and, after expanding the number of CBS's broadcasting affiliates, relocated the company's offices the following year to 485 Madison Avenue.[114][115] Architect William Lescaze designed a headquarters for CBS in 1935, which was not built.[15] By the late 1950s, CBS was again searching for a site for a new headquarters.[115] At the time, the company occupied several sites across Manhattan in addition to 485 Madison Avenue.[15][10] Paley said: "I think we were [...] determined that if we went ahead on our own building for CBS, it would have to be of the highest aesthetic quality obtainable."[116]

CBS initially considered sites along Fifth Avenue, on the East River shorefront, and in the New Jersey Meadowlands.[10][13] CBS also considered acquiring one of two plots on Park Avenue, which later became the sites of the Pan Am Building and 277 Park Avenue.[117] Paley dismissed the Park Avenue sites as having "too cold a feeling"; he also believed that Madison Avenue, a block west, was "too narrow to display good architecture".[116] By contrast, speculative office towers were being developed along Sixth Avenue, three blocks west of Park Avenue, in the mid-20th century. Many of these structures were designed as metal-and-glass slabs with public plazas.[2] Paley believed Sixth Avenue to be "more stimulating" than Park Avenue.[118]

Development

Planning

Plantings in front of the CBS Building at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 53rd Street
The CBS Building, seen from the corner of Sixth Avenue and 53rd Street

In July 1960, CBS announced that it had acquired a 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) site on Sixth Avenue, between 52nd and 53rd streets, from William Zeckendorf's company Webb and Knapp.[10][14] The site cost $7 million, of which Zeckendorf received $5 million.[119] The building would not include broadcast studios,[119] which instead were to be consolidated at the CBS Broadcast Center, simultaneously being planned on 57th Street.[120][121] CBS acquired an adjacent land lot on 53 West 52nd Street in July 1961, bringing its plot there to its final size of nearly 48,000 square feet (4,500 m2).[122] CBS president Stanton wanted to hire Eero Saarinen & Associates for the project, having been impressed with the firm's design for the General Motors Technical Center in Michigan. Paley was initially skeptical, as he was acquainted with modernist architects Wallace Harrison and Philip Johnson, but he relented.[123]

Ultimately, CBS hired Saarinen to design a new corporate headquarters for CBS on the plot.[10][14][124] The CBS corporate building was to be Saarinen's first skyscraper[119] and, as it turned out, the only skyscraper he would ever design.[12][125] Paley and Saarinen both wanted to erect a skyscraper that was distinct from International Style works such as Skidmore, Owings & Merrill's Lever House and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Seagram Building.[126] Saarinen's biographer Jayne Merkel wrote that the architect particularly wanted to make "the best modern skyscraper anywhere", surpassing even the Seagram.[127] As Saarinen's wife Aline B. Saarinen said after his death, "After all, that's why they came to Eero and not to Skidmore."[128] The architect contemplated several alternatives involving rectangular slabs, as well as more standard towers with setbacks that complied with the 1916 Zoning Resolution.[129] Saarinen's firm created five sets of blueprints, four of which had a square plan.[130]

During the building's development, city officials had implemented the 1961 Zoning Resolution, a modification of the 1916 regulations. Saarinen, who had worked with city planning commissioner James Felt to resolve the project's zoning issues, wanted to add a sunken plaza with trees outside the CBS Building.[131] The land lot had a floor area ratio of 15, meaning that the building's gross floor area was restricted to 15 times the area of the site. Saarinen developed several alternatives, including a 15-story building filing the site, but he ultimately decided on a 38-story building occupying a portion of the site.[78] In March 1961, Saarinen wrote to Paley that he had developed a solution: a freestanding slab bereft of setbacks, with a facade composed of triangular piers interspersed with windows.[132] The slab would have been either 424 or 491 feet (129 or 150 m) tall.[133][c] Saarinen wrote of the design: "It will be the simplest skyscraper statement in New York."[134][135] Paley twice visited Saarinen's offices in Detroit to see a model of the building. On his first visit Paley was unimpressed; after his second visit in July 1961, Paley decided to commit to Saarinen's proposal.[132]

Following Saarinen's sudden death on September 1, 1961,[136] his associates, including Kevin Roche, Joseph N. Lacy, and John Dinkeloo, took over the CBS Building's design.[129][137] Dinkeloo said the CBS headquarters had "especially excited" Saarinen,[138] who had said: "I think Louis Sullivan was right to want the skyscraper to be a soaring thing."[139] In the firm's office at New Rochelle, New York, Roche and his associates created several mockups of the building. Paley recalled that he visited the Roche-Dinkeloo offices at least thirty times to observe five or six mockups.[58]

Construction and opening

In February 1962, CBS announced that it would continue developing its 38-story building.[7][140] The George A. Fuller Company was selected as the general contractor. The headquarters was to house CBS's International, News, Radio, Television Network, Television Stations, and Columbia Records divisions.[141] The contractors chose to decorate the building with granite from Alma, Quebec, after examining samples of granite from numerous countries around the world.[142] In July 1962, a construction fence was erected around the work site. The fence along Sixth Avenue was made of plexiglass, allowing passersby to observe the construction; a CBS spokesperson likened it to 980 "portholes" in a standard plywood fence.[143] The building's first tenant, a branch of the Bank of New York, signed a 21-year lease that August for a portion of the lobby and basement along Sixth Avenue.[90]

By early 1964, the superstructure was halfway complete. The concrete piers were poured around steel molds measuring one story high. After the concrete for the first story had hardened, the mold was moved to the second story, where the process was repeated until construction reached the roof. Two cranes were also installed to lift equipment into place. A section of one pier on the second floor remained wide-open during construction so materials could be lifted into the building.[19] To give the facade piers a rough surface, the top layer of granite cladding was burned at 5,000 °F (2,760 °C) using a process called thermal stippling. The stippling process gave the black granite a grayish hue; to restore the black color, an abrasive was applied to the granite under extremely high water pressure, a process called liquid honing.[144][145]

The first CBS employees relocated into the building from the old Madison Avenue headquarters in late 1964.[20][146] At the time, much of the interior was still being completed. By September 1965, most of the CBS Building's initial 2,500 employees had moved into the building. The interior work was mostly complete, except for the offices of Paley and Stanton, who had decided that their offices be decorated last.[20] Upon its completion in 1965, the CBS headquarters was nicknamed CBS/51W52.[147] The estimated final cost of $40 million was not publicly confirmed.[89] The Ground Floor restaurant opened in November 1965.[148]

20th-century use

The recessed plaza surrounding the CBS Building, looking west along 53rd Street. The plaza has gray pavement and is several steps below the street. There are yellow cones in the plaza. To the left is the CBS Building, and to the right is the sidewalk on 53rd Street.
Recessed plaza surrounding the building

For the first quarter-century of the CBS Building's existence, all of the office space was occupied by CBS.[149] The company commissioned Vincent Ashbahian to design artwork for the building's lobby in 1976. The artwork, representing CBS and its subsidiaries, was briefly displayed in the building during the late 1970s; Ashbahian owned the artwork until his death three decades later.[150] CBS had 9,900 employees in New York by 1981, many of whom worked at the CBS Building.[149]

The Ground Floor restaurant was overhauled in 1980, becoming the American Charcuterie.[151][152] Judith Stockman oversaw the renovation, which largely preserved the restaurant's original layout.[151] The restaurant space became the Rose Restaurant in 1983 after Paley asked the restaurant's operators to come to the CBS Building.[149] The restaurant was renovated again in 1987, and the space became the China Grill.[153][154] Throughout the 1980s, CBS downsized its presence in the building.[149] Sony Corporation of America acquired CBS Records International in 1988, and the CBS Records company became known as Sony Music Entertainment two years later.[155][156] Sony Music Entertainment briefly continued to lease the space from CBS,[157] but Sony Music's employees moved to 550 Madison Avenue in 1991 after Sony leased that building.[149][158]

By the early 1990s, CBS had downsized to about 4,700 employees and had begun leasing out vacant space. The law firm Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz signed a lease for floors 27 to 33, and the real estate brokerage firm Edward S. Gordon advertised floors 4 to 14 for outside tenants.[149] By 1993, the real estate firm Cushman & Wakefield had taken another six stories.[159] To accommodate the new lessees, CBS renovated the building's lobby and mechanical systems for $20 million.[149] Paul Goldberger wrote that the work "represents nothing less than an attempt to convert one of the great modern buildings in New York into an ordinary speculative office tower".[160] CBS placed its building for sale in late 1998,[161] with the intention of making at least $350 million.[162] Several investors expressed interest in buying the structure, but the company canceled its plans to sell the building in mid-1999 because all of the offers were too low.[162]

21st-century use

CBS ownership and sale attempts

After Viacom acquired CBS in 2000, and in the wake of an improving real-estate market, Viacom planned to sell the building for up to $370 million but planned to allow CBS's existing employees in the building to remain.[163][164] In October 2000, radio stations WCBS (AM) and WCBS-FM moved from the CBS Building to the Broadcast Center, as the former could not accommodate the modern broadcasting technology that these stations required.[165] By early 2001, Viacom had planned to buy 1515 Broadway (also known as One Astor Plaza), its own headquarters, in conjunction with its sale of the CBS Building.[166] Two firms had expressed interest in purchasing the building by August, but one of them withdrew shortly after the September 11 attacks.[167] The sale was canceled in November 2001. This was attributed in part to Viacom's demand that any buyer first acquire 1515 Broadway and then swap that for the CBS Building and cash; such a transaction would have allowed Viacom to avoid paying estate transfer taxes.[168] In 2005, CBS and Viacom were split into two companies.[169]

The Sixth Avenue entrances to the CBS Building, looking east. There is a small sculpted sign with Charles Schwab's logo in front of the building's entrances.
Charles Schwab sign on the Sixth Avenue side

The law firm Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe leased 220,000 square feet (20,000 m2) in the building in 2009, taking up some space that had been occupied by Swiss bank UBS.[170][171] The following year, investment company Charles Schwab leased 8,000 square feet (740 m2) in the building.[172] Schwab proposed installing planters with signage in front of the building, though the local Manhattan Community Board 5 initially refused to approve the plans unless Schwab downsized and relocated the signage.[173] After Ashbahian died in 2013, he donated his CBS artwork back to the company, and the artwork was displayed in the CBS Building's lobby.[150]

In February 2017, the China Grill restaurant closed;[174][175] it was replaced the following January by the Nusr-Et steakhouse.[100][176] Also in 2018, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz renewed its lease in the building. Charles Schwab, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, and law firm Dorsey & Whitney retained space at the CBS Building during this time.[177][178] Shortly after Viacom and CBS merged again into ViacomCBS in December 2019, the newly combined company's CEO Bob Bakish said the company was looking to sell the building.[179][180] The company sought more than $1 billion for the CBS Building,[181] but CBS canceled the sale in March 2020 with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[182][183]

Harbor Group International ownership

In August 2021, ViacomCBS announced that they had agreed to sell the building to the real estate investment and management firm Harbor Group International for $760 million, the first actual sale of the building since it opened. ViacomCBS planned to occupy some space under a short-term lease.[184][185][186] Harbor Group intended to upgrade the building's lobby, as well as tenant facilities such as the cafeteria.[187] The sale was finalized in late 2021 after HGI received $558 million in commercial mortgage-backed securities to finance its purchase.[188][189] At the time, 96.4 percent of the building's space was occupied, with seven tenants (including Nusr-Et and a newsstand) with a combined annual rent of about $33.8 million.[190]

After taking over the building, HGI rebranded the structure as 51W52.[101] The group spent $36 million renovating the lobby and amenity areas in 2023, hiring Vocon and Moed de Armas and Shannon to design the renovation.[101][191] CBS moved employees out during late 2023 and announced plans to vacate the building entirely by November 2024. CBS's relocation, along with the upcoming expiration of two other tenants' leases, prompted lenders to express concern over whether HGI would be able to refinance a $420 million mortgage on the building.[192] Harbor Group International finished renovating the CBS Building in April 2024; the project had cost $128 million.[43][103][87] By then, almost 90 percent of the building's space was leased.[103]

Impact

The facade of the CBS Building's upper stories, seen on a sunny day. The facade consists of angled rectangular piers, which are made of black granite. There are narrow glass windows between each pier on each stories.
Facade of the upper stories

Upon its completion, the CBS Building received much praise, albeit with qualifications.[193] Huxtable called the CBS headquarters "a building, in the true, classic sense".[8][41] Bethami Probst wrote in Progressive Architecture magazine that the CBS Building was a "dignified, pertinent rebuke to its more strident high-rise neighbors", though she did not consider it as good as the Seagram Building.[194] A writer for Architectural Forum summarized the CBS Building thus: "It has enormous unity; it has strength; the proportions of its windows are elegant; it has great dignity; and it even has color."[195] Peter Blake, writing for the same magazine, said the CBS Building "stands aloof, alone, serene", but this was a positive trait compared to the other structures being built on the avenue at the same time, which he summarized as the "slaughter on Sixth Avenue".[193][196] David Jacobs regarded the building as "a marvelous contribution" to New York City despite its "impersonal and forbidding" profile.[8][197] Jayson Blair of The New York Times wrote in 2000: "Noted for its minimalist design and its somber, dark granite skin, Black Rock stands in stark contrast to the steel-and-glass towers nearby on the Avenue of the Americas."[163]

The design deviated from the architectural norms of the time, leading to some criticism.[198][199] One common objection was that the consistent width of the facade's piers did not accurately express their function, since the piers carry reduced loads at upper stories and thus should be smaller.[198] Several critics disapproved of the piers at each corner for a similar reason,[200] but a 1965 Architectural Forum article had praised this same quality, describing the piers as being "directly expressed from plaza to sky" instead of being recessed behind curtain walls.[201] Harper's Magazine also commended "the honesty with which it occupies its context".[56] Huxtable observed that the public had a much different perception of the building than architectural critics, saying: "The dark dignity that appeals to architectural sophisticates puts off the public, which tends to reject it as funereal."[41][202] She wrote in 1984 that the CBS Building's design "created deliberate, dark ambiguities at a time when architecture was supposed to be rational and open".[199] The author Antonio Román stated in 2003 that the building's "internal and external consistency perfectly conveyed Saarinen's vision for the tower".[200]

The interiors were more broadly criticized. Huxtable described the offices as having a "curious deadness" because the style of the exterior was not extended into the interior spaces.[41][203] Patricia Conway of Industrial Design magazine saw the tightly regulated decorative scheme as contrived, saying: "A few pieces [of decoration] have charm but, for the most part, there is a preponderance of hard-edge, straight-line compositions".[26][204] Other publications praised the interior decorative scheme, to the point that The New Yorker profiled Stanton's desk.[93] Stern characterized the lobby, which did have the same style as the exterior, as "austere to the point of lugubriousness".[205] Likewise, Probst wrote that the thick facade piers overshadowed the lobby.[86] The Ground Floor restaurant was also perceived as a gloomy environment, especially at night.[205] A writer for Progressive Architecture doubted whether the CBS Building's ground story "can ever be a suitable, psychologically acceptable atmosphere for pleasant dining".[206]

The CBS Building has won several architectural awards. In 1964, the Architectural League of New York gave Frank Stanton its Michael Friedman Medal for his "significant contributions and effective encouragement of the role of the arts in business and industry", in conjunction with the construction of eight CBS facilities nationwide, including the CBS Building.[207] The next year, the Municipal Art Society gave the building a bronze plaque, recognizing its "outstanding architecture".[208] Also in 1965, the New York Board of Trade gave one of its first-ever architectural achievement awards to the CBS Building.[209] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission granted city-landmark status to the CBS Building on October 21, 1997,[1][210] as landmark number 1971.[1] LPC chairwoman Jennifer J. Raab said the designation was part of "our ongoing effort to designate worthy modern buildings as they become eligible" for city-landmark status; the CBS Building had just become eligible for such a designation, as city landmarks had to be at least 30 years old.[210]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219, cites the building as having a lot of 47,696 square feet (4,431.1 m2).
  2. ^ This tunnel is used by the M train as of 2023. It curves between the 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station to the south and the Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station to the east.[6]
  3. ^ Paley 1979, p. 343 gave a height of 424 feet, while a 1962 book of Saarinen's work gave a height of 491 feet.[133]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 1.
  2. ^ a b c Merkel 2005, p. 184.
  3. ^ Bowen, Croswell (April 1, 1970). "Topics: In Search of Sixth Avenue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d "51 West 52 Street, 10019". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  5. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 118; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 408.
  6. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  7. ^ a b "CBS to Construct 38-Story Building In Mid-Manhattan". The Wall Street Journal. February 19, 1962. p. 9. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132815340.
  8. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6.
  9. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 2; Román 2003, p. 173; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Fowler, Glenn (July 26, 1960). "C.B.S. Skyscraper Planned on 6th Ave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  11. ^ Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 54.
  12. ^ a b c d "Granite Tower Designed by Saarinen". The Christian Science Monitor. March 30, 1962. p. 8. ProQuest 510308787.
  13. ^ a b c Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  14. ^ a b c Duggan, Dennis (July 26, 1960). "CBS Plans A Building On 6th Ave.: Joins 4 Others In Lower 50s". New York Herald Tribune. p. 28. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327219416.
  15. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 2; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  16. ^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 331.
  17. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, pp. 3–4.
  18. ^ a b c d e Architectural Record 1965, p. 118.
  19. ^ a b c d e Franklin, Peter (March 15, 1964). "Reinforced Concrete Building For C.B.S. Gets Rave Reviews". The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115712355.
  20. ^ a b c d "C.B.S. 'Eye' Zooms In on New Home". The New York Times. September 12, 1965. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 116975853.
  21. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 117; Román 2003, p. 180.
  22. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 117.
  23. ^ Warren, Virginia Lee (September 1, 1964). "Woman Who Led an Office Revolution Rules an Empire of Modern Design". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  24. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 182; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 220; Román 2003, p. 180
  25. ^ a b Schmertz, Mildred (June 1966). "Distinguished Interior Architecture for CBS" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 139, no. 7. pp. 129–134. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  26. ^ a b c Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 409.
  27. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Merkel 2005, p. 185; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  28. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 28; Probst 1965, p. 190.
  29. ^ "CBS Building". Emporis. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  31. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 184; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  32. ^ Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 54; Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 114.
  33. ^ a b c Román 2003, p. 177.
  34. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Probst 1965, p. 190; Román 2003, p. 176.
  35. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 53.
  36. ^ a b Probst 1965, p. 190.
  37. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Saarinen 1968, p. 16.
  38. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4.
  39. ^ a b Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 9.
  40. ^ Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 8.
  41. ^ a b c d Huxtable, Ada Louise (March 13, 1966). "Eero Saarinen's Somber Skyscraper". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  42. ^ Goldberger, Paul (April 23, 1986). "A Darkened Canyon of Towering Offices". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pearson, Clifford A. (April 8, 2024). "Vocon and MdeAS Architects Polish Up Eero Saarinen's 'Black Rock' CBS Building in New York". Architectural Record. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
  44. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Merkel 2005, p. 185; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  45. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Probst 1965, p. 190.
  46. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 36.
  47. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Probst 1965, p. 190; Román 2003, pp. 177, 180.
  48. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Merkel 2005, p. 186; Probst 1965, p. 190.
  49. ^ a b "Passage: Black Rock". CBS News. March 29, 2015. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  50. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 114; Merkel 2005, pp. 181–182.
  51. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 114.
  52. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Huxtable 1984, p. 72.
  53. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  54. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 7.
  55. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 36; Larrabee 1964, p. 60.
  56. ^ a b c Larrabee 1964, p. 60.
  57. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 114; Merkel 2005, p. 185; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, pp. 219–220.
  58. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Paley 1979, p. 344.
  59. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, pp. 6–7; Larrabee 1964, p. 55; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219.
  60. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, pp. 6–7; Probst 1965, p. 192.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g Probst 1965, p. 192.
  62. ^ Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, pp. 219–220.
  63. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 7; Merkel 2005, p. 184; Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 54.
  64. ^ a b Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 114; Probst 1965, p. 192.
  65. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 113; Merkel 2005, pp. 184–185; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219
  66. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 9.
  67. ^ Zukowsky, Jerome (July 22, 1962). "New Towers: Is It 'Curtains' for the Curtain Wall?". New York Herald Tribune. p. D9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325952650.
  68. ^ Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219.
  69. ^ Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 114; Architectural Record 1965, p. 118; Merkel 2005, p. 185; Román 2003, p. 177.
  70. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 31; Architectural Record 1965, p. 114; Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 54; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  71. ^ Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  72. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 29; Architectural Record 1965, p. 118.
  73. ^ Ennis, Thomas W. (October 6, 1963). "14 Major Postwar Buildings Rise From 46th to 57th Street". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  74. ^ Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 114; Architectural Record 1965, p. 118.
  75. ^ Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 219; Román 2003, pp. 176–177.
  76. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 185; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 220.
  77. ^ Architectural Forum 1962a, p. 113; Architectural Record 1965, p. 116; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  78. ^ a b Román 2003, p. 176.
  79. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 28.
  80. ^ Román 2003, pp. 176–177.
  81. ^ a b 51W52 Black Rock 2023, p. 16.
  82. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 31.
  83. ^ a b Architectural Forum 1966, p. 30.
  84. ^ a b Architectural Forum 1966, p. 30; Probst 1965, pp. 189–190.
  85. ^ Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 220.
  86. ^ a b c Probst 1965, pp. 189–190.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g Dreith, Ben (April 30, 2024). "Eero Saarinen's Black Rock Skyscraper Refurbished in New York". Dezeen. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  88. ^ Salemi, Michelle (June 8, 2013). "Classic CBS '70s Sculpture Returns to Eye". Variety. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  89. ^ a b c Probst 1965, p. 189.
  90. ^ a b c "New C.B.S. Building Signs First Tenant". The New York Times. August 1, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  91. ^ Quint, Michael (June 13, 1990). "New President Named At Bank of New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  92. ^ a b c Probst 1965, p. 189; Progressive Architecture 1966, p. 180.
  93. ^ a b Merkel 2005, p. 186.
  94. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 186; Pelkonen & Albrecht 2006, p. 220.
  95. ^ "Manhattan's Highest Paid Headwaiter" (PDF). Architectural Forum. Vol. 123. September 1965. p. 76. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  96. ^ Probst 1965, p. 189; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 410.
  97. ^ Heller, Steven (October 26, 2008). "Lou Dorfsman, Design Chief at CBS, Dies at 90". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  98. ^ Anwyl, Richard (March 5, 2018). "Rebuilding a Legacy: The Gastrotypographicalassemblage". American Institute of Graphic Arts. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  99. ^ Dunlap, David W. (April 9, 2014). "New Home for a Mural That Reads Like a Menu". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  100. ^ a b Fabricant, Florence (January 12, 2018). "Turkish Chef Known as Salt Bae Opens Midtown Restaurant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  101. ^ a b c Niland, Josh (August 8, 2023). "Eero Saarinen's CBS 'Black Rock' Manhattan Tower Gets a Gentle Overhaul by Vocon and MdeAS". Archinect. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  102. ^ a b Hughes, C.J. (November 2, 2023). "Office Lobbies Go Lush". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  103. ^ a b c Gannon, Devin (April 9, 2024). "Renovation of Eero Saarinen's Modernist Midtown Skyscraper Is Complete". 6sqft. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  104. ^ 51W52 Black Rock 2023, p. 21.
  105. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5.
  106. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 32; Architectural Record 1965, p. 116.
  107. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 32.
  108. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, pp. 31–32.
  109. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 116.
  110. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 33.
  111. ^ a b Architectural Forum 1966, p. 34.
  112. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 35.
  113. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 186; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 409.
  114. ^ Bergreen 1980, p. 59.
  115. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 2.
  116. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 2; Paley 1979, p. 342.
  117. ^ Larrabee 1964, p. 56; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  118. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 2; Larrabee 1964, p. 56.
  119. ^ a b c "CBS Plans Skyscraper In Midtown New York As New Headquarters: Architect Eero Saarinen Chosen To Design Building; Cost of Tract Put at $7 Million". The Wall Street Journal. July 26, 1960. p. 28. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132582140.
  120. ^ Shepard, Richard F. (November 8, 1961). "C.B.S. Here Plans to Consolidate; $14,500,000 Will Be Spent on Production Facilities". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  121. ^ Doan, Richard K. (November 8, 1961). "Biggest TV-Radio Center for N.Y.: $14.5 Million CBS Project On W. 57th St". New York Herald Tribune. p. 27. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326916837.
  122. ^ "C.B.S. Site Assembled; Last Parcel Acquired for New Quarters on 6th Ave". The New York Times. July 18, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  123. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 182.
  124. ^ Román 2003, p. 173.
  125. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 3; Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 51.
  126. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Larrabee 1964, p. 58; Merkel 2005, p. 181.
  127. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 181.
  128. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Larrabee 1964, p. 58; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 408.
  129. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  130. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 185; Román 2003, p. 176.
  131. ^ Román 2003, pp. 173, 176.
  132. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Paley 1979, p. 343.
  133. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 8.
  134. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Merkel 2005, p. 184; Román 2003, p. 180; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  135. ^ "Saarinen's CBS Skyscraper" (PDF). Architectural Forum. March 1962. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  136. ^ "Eero Saarinen, 51, Architect, Is Dead; Versatile Designer Created Terminal for T.W.A. Here and Embassies for U.S." The New York Times. September 2, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  137. ^ "Saarinen's Office to Be Moved Soon". The New York Times. September 12, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  138. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Progressive Architecture 1961, p. 53; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  139. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 4; Larrabee 1964, p. 57; Román 2003, p. 177; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 406.
  140. ^ Stoller, Ezra (February 18, 1962). "New C.B.S. Tower to Include Plaza; Saarinen Drew Plans for 6th Ave. Headquarters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  141. ^ Lyman, Richard B. (February 18, 1962). "Saarinen Design For CBS Tower". New York Herald Tribune. p. D11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326004372.
  142. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 5; Merkel 2005, p. 186.
  143. ^ "Transparent Fence Is Up At 6th Ave. C.B.S. Building". The New York Times. July 27, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  144. ^ Larrabee 1964, pp. 59–60; Merkel 2005, p. 186; Probst 1965, p. 192.
  145. ^ "A Black Facade Planned by C.B.S.; Rough-Surfaced Granite to Be Used on Skyscraper". The New York Times. September 1, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  146. ^ Paley 1979, p. 345.
  147. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 111; Larrabee 1964, p. 55.
  148. ^ Ferretti, Fred (October 26, 1983). "Restaurant Finds Its 6th Midtown Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  149. ^ a b c d e f g Deutsch, Claudia H. (October 8, 1992). "A Shrinking CBS Begins To Rent a Piece of the Rock". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  150. ^ a b Salemi, Michelle (June 8, 2013). "Classic CBS '70s Sculpture Returns to Eye". Variety. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  151. ^ a b Goldberger, Paul (January 17, 1980). "Design Notebook". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  152. ^ Beard, James A. (February 28, 1980). "Former Ground Floor Uplifted by CBS Mogul". The Sun. p. B9. ProQuest 538213932.
  153. ^ Miller, Bryan (October 23, 1987). "Diner's Journal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  154. ^ O'Neill, Molly (November 27, 1987). "Dining Out". Newsday. p. 233. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  155. ^ Horn et al. 2003, p. 704.
  156. ^ "CBS Records Changes Name". The New York Times. October 16, 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2021 – via Reuters.
  157. ^ Lippman, John; Shiver, Jube Jr. (September 13, 1990). "CBS Records' Ex-Chief Barred at Headquarters". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 281153114.
  158. ^ "AT&T Confirms Lease of Building to Sony". The Hartford Courant. July 9, 1991. p. C1B. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 1853045863.
  159. ^ Deutsch, Claudia H. (October 24, 1993). "Commercial Property: Leasing Where the Landlord Is; More Space Opens Up in Sites Occupied by Owners". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  160. ^ Goldberger, Paul (November 15, 1992). "Architecture View; Keeping the Moat, But Putting Out the Welcome Mat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  161. ^ "CBS Is Weighing Sale Of New York Building It Calls Headquarters". The Wall Street Journal. February 20, 1999. p. B18. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398666758.
  162. ^ a b Grant, Peter (August 19, 1999). "CBS Takes Black Rock Off Cooling Market". New York Daily News. p. 708. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  163. ^ a b Blair, Jayson (August 30, 2000). "CBS's 'Black Rock' Building Is Said to Be for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  164. ^ "Viacom Considers Selling CBS Building As Office Prices Soar". The Wall Street Journal. August 30, 2000. p. A.12. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398713662.
  165. ^ Saulny, Susan (October 21, 2000). "Newscasters Leave Black Rock, The House Edward R. Murrow Built". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  166. ^ Croghan, Lore (March 12, 2001). "A Plant to Swap Black Rock for the Great White Way". Crain's New York. Vol. 17, no. 11. p. 12. ProQuest 219156985.
  167. ^ Grant, Peter (October 17, 2001). "Plots & Ploys: Back at Black Rock". The Wall Street Journal. p. B8. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2074366559.
  168. ^ "Viacom Decides Not To Sell 'Black Rock'". Newsday. November 8, 2001. p. 69. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  169. ^ Bloomberg News (January 2, 2006). "Viacom Completes Split Into 2 Companies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  170. ^ Graham, David A. (July 30, 2009). "Reduction in Rent for Law Firm Proves Patience Is a Virtue". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  171. ^ "Orrick Expected To Sign Huge Lease at CBS Building". NBC New York. July 24, 2009. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  172. ^ "Charles Schwab Leases 8,000 SF from CBS". GlobeSt. December 14, 2010. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  173. ^ "51 West 52nd Street, CBS Building, Application for the Installation of a Free-Standing Planter and Signage Elements in the 6th Avenue Plaza". Manhattan Community Board 5. May 2011. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  174. ^ McCart, Melissa (February 27, 2017). "Salt Bae Sprinkles His Way Into the China Grill Location". Eater NY. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  175. ^ Levy, Nicole (February 28, 2017). "'Salt Bae' to Open His First NYC Restaurant in Midtown, Reports Say". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  176. ^ Crowley, Chris (January 16, 2018). "Salt Bae's New York Restaurant Will Finally Open This Week". Grub Street. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  177. ^ "Law Firm Wachtell Lipton Renews 250K SF at CBS Building in Midtown". Commercial Observer. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  178. ^ Bockmann, Rich (January 2, 2018). "Wachtell Lipton Renews 250K Sf Digs at the CBS Building". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  179. ^ Mullin, Benjamin (December 9, 2019). "ViacomCBS Puts CBS Headquarters in New York on the Block". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  180. ^ Lee, Edmund (December 9, 2019). "ViacomCBS Weighs Putting Black Rock Skyscraper Up for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  181. ^ Bockmann, Rich (February 24, 2020). "The Price Is Right? CBS Asking More Than $1B for Sixth Ave HQ". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  182. ^ Weprin, Alex (March 18, 2020). "ViacomCBS Suspends Sale of Black Rock Headquarters". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  183. ^ "Is Billion-Dollar Black Rock Sale a One-Off Or Part of a Trend?". Crain's New York. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  184. ^ Goldsmith, Jill (August 16, 2021). "ViacomCBS Sells Black Rock Building In Midtown Manhattan To Harbor Group For $760 Million". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  185. ^ Geier, Thom (August 16, 2021). "CBS Sells Black Rock Headquarters Building in NYC for $760 Million". TheWrap. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  186. ^ "ViacomCBS Sells CBS' Iconic New York Skyscraper, Black Rock". Los Angeles Times. August 17, 2021. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  187. ^ Acitelli, Tom (August 17, 2021). "CBS' Newly Acquired Black Rock Tower to Get 'Significant Upgrades'". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  188. ^ Cunningham, Cathy (October 14, 2021). "Harbor Group Seals CBS Building Buy With $558M CMBS Financing". Commercial Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  189. ^ Walter-Warner, Holden (October 14, 2021). "Harbor Group Grabs $558M in Financing for Black Rock Purchase". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  190. ^ Jones, Orion (December 9, 2021). "What CBS, Charles Schwab Pay in Rent at Black Rock Tower". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  191. ^ Peters, Andy (August 9, 2023). "Renovation of Saarinen's CBS Building in New York Aims for Light Touch". CoStar. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  192. ^ Elstein, Aaron (December 11, 2023). "Landmarked Midtown Tower Struggles with Surge of Vacancies". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  193. ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 408.
  194. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Probst 1965, p. 189; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 408.
  195. ^ Architectural Forum 1966, p. 37.
  196. ^ Blake, Peter (September 1965). "Slaughter on 6th Avenue" (PDF). Architectural Forum. Vol. 123. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  197. ^ Jacobs, David (June 1966). "Saarinen's CBS Skyscraper". Holiday. Vol. 39. p. 122.
  198. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Román 2003, p. 180; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 408.
  199. ^ a b Huxtable 1984, p. 72.
  200. ^ a b Román 2003, p. 180.
  201. ^ Architectural Record 1965, p. 113; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6.
  202. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 6; Merkel 2005, p. 185; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 408.
  203. ^ Merkel 2005, p. 186; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 410.
  204. ^ Conway, Patricia L. (February 1966). "Design at CBS". Industrial Design. Vol. 13. pp. 48–57.
  205. ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 410.
  206. ^ Progressive Architecture 1966, p. 183; Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 410.
  207. ^ "C.B.S. Undertakes 8 Building Projects". The New York Times. June 7, 1964. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115827357.
  208. ^ "Quotes / Corporate Medicis" (PDF). Journal of the American Institute of Architects. Vol. 44. August 1965. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  209. ^ "CBS Building Honored by N.Y. Trade Board". The Hartford Courant. June 13, 1965. p. 5G. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 548836677.
  210. ^ a b Barron, James (October 22, 1997). "3 Buildings Are Declared Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.

Sources

Read other articles:

Chae Je-gong

Dalam nama Korean ini, nama keluarganya adalah Chae. Chae Je-gong채제공Lukisan Chae Jegong yang menjabat sebagai Yeonguijeong selama pemerintahan Raja Jeongjo. Kanselir Negara KiriMasa jabatan25 January 1796 – 14 July 1798 PendahuluYu Yeon-hoPenggantiYi Byeong-moMasa jabatan14 November 1789 – 2 Juli 1793 PendahuluYi Jae-hyeopPenggantiKim Jong-suKanselir Negara KananMasa jabatan15 Februari 1795 – 25 Januari 1796 PendahuluYi Byeong-moPenggantiYun Si-dongMasa ...

 

Weserstadion

Weserstadion Informasi stadionNama lengkapWeserstadionPemilikBremer Weser-Stadion GmbHOperatorBremer Weser-Stadion GmbHLokasiLokasiFranz-Böhmert-Straße 728205 Bremen JermanKoordinat53°3′59.02″N 8°50′15.46″E / 53.0663944°N 8.8376278°E / 53.0663944; 8.8376278Koordinat: 53°3′59.02″N 8°50′15.46″E / 53.0663944°N 8.8376278°E / 53.0663944; 8.8376278KonstruksiDibuka1947Direnovasi1963–1965, 1989, 2005, 2008Data teknisPerm...

 

Coppa del Mondo di sci alpino 1998

Coppa del Mondo di sci alpino 1998 Uomini Donne Vincitori Generale Hermann Maier Katja Seizinger Discesa libera Andreas Schifferer Katja Seizinger Supergigante Hermann Maier Katja Seizinger Slalom gigante Hermann Maier Martina Ertl Slalom speciale Thomas Sykora Ylva Nowén Dati manifestazione Tappe 18 12 Gare individuali 37 33 1997 1999 La Coppa del Mondo di sci alpino 1998 fu la trentaduesima edizione della manifestazione organizzata dalla Federazione Internazionale Sci; ebbe inizio il 24 o...

Spies in Disguise

2019 film by Nick Bruno and Troy Quane Spies in DisguiseTheatrical release posterDirected by Troy QuaneNick Bruno Screenplay by Brad Copeland Lloyd Taylor[1] Story byCindy Davis[1]Based onPigeon: Impossibleby Lucas MartellProduced by Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Michael J. Travers[1] Starring Will Smith Tom Holland Rashida Jones Ben Mendelsohn Reba McEntire Rachel Brosnahan Karen Gillan DJ Khaled Masi Oka Edited by Randy Trager Christopher Campbell[2] Music byTh...

 

St Paul's Cathedral

Cathedral in the City of London, England This article is about St Paul's cathedral in London, England. For other cathedrals of the same name, see St. Paul's Cathedral (disambiguation). Saint Paul's redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Paul (disambiguation). Church in London, EnglandSt Paul'sCathedral Church of St Paul the ApostleAerial view of the St Paul's CathedralInteractive fullscreen map51°30′50″N 0°05′54″W / 51.5138°N 0.0983°W / 51.5138; -0.0983...

 

1967 en Grèce

Naissance de Paul de Grèce. Chronologie de la Grèce ◄◄ 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 ►► Chronologies Données clés 1964 1965 1966  1967  1968 1969 1970Décennies :1930 1940 1950  1960  1970 1980 1990Siècles :XVIIIe XIXe  XXe  XXIe XXIIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, République ce...

Torino Football Club 2012-2013

Voce principale: Torino Football Club. Torino FCStagione 2012-2013Granata in riscaldamento prima di Milan-Torino Sport calcio Squadra Torino Allenatore Gian Piero Ventura Presidente Urbano Cairo Serie A16º Coppa ItaliaQuarto turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Gillet (37)Totale: Gillet (38) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Bianchi (11)Totale: Bianchi (13) StadioOlimpico (28.140) Abbonati8.539[1] Maggior numero di spettatori25.753 vs Inter(16 settembre 2012) Minor numero di spettator...

 

Tuban, Gondangrejo, Karanganyar

TubanDesaKantor Desa TubanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenKaranganyarKecamatanGondangrejoKode pos57188Kode Kemendagri33.13.13.2012 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Tuban adalah desa di kecamatan Gondangrejo, Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Desa Tuban merupakan wilayah Kabupaten Karanganyar bagian barat yang merupakan batas antar kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Sragen, Kabupaten Boyolali, dan Kota Surakarta. Pembagian wilayah Desa Tuban terdiri dari duk...

 

Isaác Brizuela

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori messicani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Isaác Brizuela Nazionalità  Messico Altezza 173 cm Peso 68 kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Squadra  Guadalajara CarrieraGiovanili 2007-2009 Atlético MexiquenseSquadre di club1 2007-2009 Atlético Mexiquense23 (2)2009-2012 Toluca95 (4)2012-2013→  Atlas18 (2)2013-2014 Toluca5...

Motu proprio

Questa voce sugli argomenti lingua latina e cattolicesimo è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Un motu proprio (in latino letteralmente di propria iniziativa) è un documento, una nomina o in generale una decisione presa di propria iniziativa da chi ne ha il potere o la facoltà. Indice 1 Contenuto 2 Storia 3 Note 4 Voci correlate 5 Altri progetti 6 Collegamenti esterni Contenuto Per an...

 

Carcinosarcoma

Medical conditionCarcinosarcomaMicrograph of a carcinosarcoma of the ovary. H&E stain, showing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elementsSpecialtyOncology  Carcinosarcomas are malignant tumors that consist of a mixture of carcinoma (or epithelial cancer) and sarcoma (or mesenchymal/connective tissue cancer).[1] Carcinosarcomas are rare tumors, and can arise in diverse organs, such as the skin, salivary glands, lungs, the esophagus, pancreas, colon, uterus and ovaries.[1&...

 

Puerto de Singapur

Este artículo o sección necesita una revisión de ortografía y gramática.Puedes colaborar editándolo. Cuando se haya corregido, puedes borrar este aviso. Si has iniciado sesión, puedes ayudarte del corrector ortográfico, activándolo en: Mis preferencias → Accesorios → Navegación → El corrector ortográfico resalta errores ortográficos con un fondo rojo. Este aviso fue puesto el 15 de diciembre de 2021. Puerto de Singapur Port of Singapore Buques esperan anclados a la entrada ...

Nightflyers (TV series)

American horror science fiction TV series NightflyersGenre Science fiction Horror Psychological thriller Based onNightflyersby George R. R. MartinStarring Eoin Macken David Ajala Jodie Turner-Smith Angus Sampson Sam Strike Maya Eshet Brían F. O'Byrne Gretchen Mol ComposerWill BatesCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes10 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Daniel Cerone George R. R. Martin Jeff Buhler Gene Klein David Bartis Doug Lima...

 

Hornillayuso

Hornillayuso localidad HornillayusoUbicación de Hornillayuso en España HornillayusoUbicación de Hornillayuso en la provincia de BurgosPaís  España• Com. autónoma  Castilla y León• Provincia  Burgos• Municipio Merindad de SotoscuevaUbicación 43°00′57″N 3°35′42″O / 43.015927777778, -3.5950388888889Población 12 hab. (INE 2020)Código postal 09568Pref. telefónico 947[editar datos en Wikidata] H...

 

Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings

1982 London bombings redirects here. For the attack against the ANC, see 1982 bombing of the African National Congress headquarters in London. 1982 IRA attack in London, England Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombingsPart of the TroublesAftermath of the Hyde Park bombing, which killed four soldiers and seven horsesLocationHyde Park and Regent's Park, London, EnglandCoordinates Hyde Park bombing:51°30′11.0″N 0°09′21.2″W / 51.503056°N 0.155889°W / 51.503056; -0....

Quebec Liberal Party

PLQ redirects here. For the airport with this IATA code, see Palanga International Airport. Political party in Quebec Quebec Liberal Party Parti libéral du QuébecAbbreviationPLQQLPLeaderMarc Tanguay (interim)PresidentRafael Primeau FerraroFoundedJuly 1, 1867; 156 years ago (July 1, 1867)Headquarters Montréal, Québec, H2R 2Y8 Ville de Québec, Québec, G1S 2P1 Membership (2023)15,000–20,000[1][2]Ideology Liberalism Canadian federalism Economic liberalism ...

 

Van Nuys

Cet article est une ébauche concernant Los Angeles. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Van NuysGéographiePays  États-UnisÉtat CalifornieComté comté de Los AngelesCharter city Los AngelesSuperficie 23,29 km2Altitude 217 mCoordonnées 34° 11′ 00″ N, 118° 26′ 00″ ODémographiePopulation 110 747 hab. (2008)Densité 4 755,1 hab./km2 (20...

 

Trial as an adult

Legal situation The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Criminal law Elements Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence Scope of criminal liability Accessory Accomplice Complicity Corporate Principal Vicarious Severity of offense Felony (...

Красный Луч (Орловская область)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Красный Луч. ПосёлокКрасный Луч 52°42′59″ с. ш. 36°40′04″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Орловская область Муниципальный район Покровский Сельское поселение Моховское История и география Часовой пояс UT...

 

روبريجوردو

  روبريجوردو (بالإنجليزية) Robregordo روبريجوردوالعلم روبريجوردوالشعار  خريطة الموقع تقسيم إداري البلد  إسبانيا[1] التقسيم الأعلى منطقة مدريد  المسؤولون خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 41°06′16″N 3°35′42″W / 41.104444444444°N 3.595°W / 41.104444444444; -3.595   [2] المساحة 18.03 كم...