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Brown bread
Type	Bread
Main ingredients	Whole grain flour (usually rye or wheat) or molasses or coffee
Food energy; (per serving)	260 kcal (1089 kJ)
	Media: Brown bread;

Brown bread is bread made with significant amounts of whole grain flours, usually wheat sometimes with corn and or rye flours. Brown breads often get their characteristic dark color from ingredients such as molasses or coffee. In Canada, Ireland and South Africa, it is whole wheat bread; in New England and the Maritimes, it is bread sweetened with molasses. In some regions of the US, brown bread is called wheat bread to complement white bread.

Whole wheat flours that contain raw wheat germ, instead of toasted germ, have higher levels of glutathione, and thus result in lower loaf volumes.^[1]

History

In Ireland, during the Famine, prior to 1848, brown bread was handed out to the poor.^[2] In England, brown bread was made from brown meal.^[3] Around and prior to the year 1845, brown meal was considered a less desirable grain product, and was priced accordingly. However, by 1865, due to recently discovered health benefits of bran, brown meal's London price had increased to a point often greater than that of fine flour.^[4]

Flour milling

Historically, brown meal was what remained after about 90% of the coarse, outer bran and 74% of pure endosperm or fine flour was removed from the whole grain.^[5] Using slightly different extraction numbers, brown meal, representing 20% of the whole grain, was itself composed of about 15% fine bran and 85% white flour.^[6] In 1848 it was asserted grain millers knew only of bran and endosperm,^[7] but by 1912 it was more widely known that brown meal included the germ.^[3]

Color

The brown color of whole grain breads is caused by cerealine, a discovery attributed to Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès of France.^[5]^[8] Cerealine, considered by Mouriès an active principal or ferment similar in action to diastase,^[8] came from the cereal layer of rectangular cells that millers considered a part of bran: later it was alternatively called the aleurone layer.^[9] In a statement attributed to Mouriès, if the cerealine is neutralized, white bread can be made from bran-containing flour.^[5]

Varieties

Irish

Irish wheaten bread is a form of Irish soda bread made with whole-wheat flour.

Borodinsky

Borodinsky bread is a slightly sweet sourdough rye bread of Russian origin, usually flavoured by caraway and coriander seeds and sweetened with molasses, which augments its already quite dark colour coming from the rye flour. It is named after the Battle of Borodino, and the legend says that it was invented by the widow of one of the Russian generals who died in that battle, though in reality it was probably created much later, at the end of the 19th century.

Boston

New England or Boston brown bread is a type of dark, slightly sweet multigrain steamed bread, usually sweetened with molasses, popular in New England. The moist bread is dark in colour and traditionally served with baked beans and hot dogs.^[10]

Boston brown bread's colour comes from a mixture of flours, usually a mix of several of the following: cornmeal, rye, whole wheat, graham flour, and from the addition of sweeteners like molasses and maple syrup. Raisins are sometimes added. The batter is poured into a can, and steamed in a kettle.

Gallery

Crust of a loaf of brown bread
Frankfurter Zeppelinwurst [de] with brown bread
Buttered walnut and raisin brown bread
Brown bread served with cheese and sausage

References

^ Paula I. Figoni (2010). How Baking Works: Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science. New York: Wiley. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-470-39267-6. Retrieved April 17, 2011. Glutathione is also found in whole wheat flour, in particular in the wheat germ. ... Toasted wheat germ will not have the same high glutathione activity as raw wheat germ, since glutathione is inactivated by heat. ... If glutathione is not first destroyed, bread dough softens and becomes slack, and oven spring decreases. The result is lower loaf volume and coarser texture.
^ John Saunders, ed. (1848). The People's journal. Vol. IV. London: The People's Journal Office. p. 200. Retrieved April 15, 2011. I passed along and beheld a dense mass of wretched starving people,---men, women, and children, gathered in front of a shed, from which rations of brown bread and stirabout were served out to the poor.
^ ^a ^b Percy A. Amos (1912). Processes of flour manufacture. New York, Bombay, and Calcutta: Longman, Green, and Co. p. 14. Retrieved April 12, 2011. By allowing the germ and all but the outer, coarser layers of broad bran to mix in with the flour, we get the sweet-tasting brown meal producing the brown bread so much in favour amongst sections of the community.
^ Edward Smith (1865). Practical dietary for families, schools, and the laboring classes. London: Walton and Maberly. p. 36. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Edward Livingston Youmans (1859). The hand-book of household science. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 277. Retrieved April 15, 2011. He grinds wheat so as to separate it into about 74 per cent. of fine flour, 16 of brown meal, and 10 of bran.
^ Jacob Bell, ed. (1857–1858). The Pharmaceutical journal and Transactions. Vol. XVII. London: John Churchill. pp. 276–277. The Parisian white bread is prepared with the finest flour (1re marque), which does not contain any bran. If 100 parts wheat yield 70 parts of this flour, the remainder will consist of ten parts bran and 20 parts coarse brown meal, this latter consisting of three parts fine bran and 17 parts white flour.
^ John Saunders, ed. (1848). The People's journal. Vol. IV. London: The People's Journal Office. p. 42(IA1). Retrieved April 15, 2011. Professor Johnston remarks that—'The grain of wheat consists of two parts, with which the miller is familiar—the inner grain and the skin that covers it. The inner grain gives the pure wheat flour; the skin when separated, forms the bran.'
^ ^a ^b John and Charles Watt, ed. (1857). The Chemist: a monthly journal of Chemical and Physical Science. Vol. IV. London: Alexander Watt. pp. 488–539. ... cerealine...
^ Helen Woodard Atwater (1900). Bread and the principles of bread making. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 9.
^ "Traditional Boston Brown Bread".