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Bothremydidae is an extinct family of side-necked turtles (Pleurodira) known from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. They are closely related to Podocnemididae, and are amongst the most widely distributed pleurodire groups, with their fossils having been found in Africa, India, the Middle East, Europe, North America and South America. Bothremydids were aquatic turtles with a high morphological diversity, indicative of generalist, molluscivorous, piscivorous and possibly herbivorous grazing diets,[1][2] with some probably capable of suction feeding.[2] Unlike modern pleurodires, which are exclusively freshwater, bothremydids inhabited freshwater, marine and coastal environments.[1] Their marine habits allowed bothremydids to disperse across oceanic barriers into Europe and North America during the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian).[3] The youngest records of the group are indeterminate remains from Saudi Arabia and Oman, dating to the Miocene.[4]
The family is split into two subfamilies and a number of tribes.[5]
Bothremydidae
Below is a cladogram by Gaffney et al. in 2006:[8]
Chelidae
Pelomedusoides
Araripemys
Pelomedusidae
Dirqadium
Euraxemys
Podocnemidinura
Kurmademys
Sankuchemys
Galianemys
Cearachelys
Foxemys (=Polysternon)
Polysternon
Zolhafah
Rosasia
Araiochelys
Chedighaii hutchisoni
Chedighaii barberi
Bothremys cooki
Bothremys magrhebiana
Bothremys kellyi
Bothremys arabicus
Nigeremys
Arenila
Azabbaremys
Labrostochelys
Taphrosphys
Rhothonemys
Phosphatochelys
Ummulisani
Pan-Pleurodira is one of the two clades of extant turtles (i.e. Testudines). Its crown group, Pleurodira, has a Gondwanan origin being known from the Barremian. Cretaceous turtle fauna of Gondwana was composed almost exclusively of pleurodires. Extant pleurodires live in relatively warm regions, with a geographical distribution restricted to tropical regions that were part of Gondwana.
The family Bothremydidae is a large and diverse group extending from the Albian to the Eocene in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and India. Its monophyly is supported by the presence of a wide exoccipital-quadrate contact, a eustachian tube separated from the incisura columellae auris usually by bone to form a bony canal for the stapes, absence of a fossa precolumellaris, a supraoccipital-quadrate contact (except in the tribe Taphrosphyini), and a posterior enlargement of the fossa orbitalis.
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