In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading.
In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year.[1]
An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two sub-processes, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.[2]
Bone homeostasis involves multiple but coordinated cellular and molecular events.[3] Two main types of cells are responsible for bone metabolism: osteoblasts (which secrete new bone), and osteoclasts (which break bone down). The structure of bones as well as adequate supply of calcium requires close cooperation between these two cell types and other cell populations present at the bone remodeling sites (e.g. immune cells).[4] Bone metabolism relies on complex signaling pathways and control mechanisms to achieve proper rates of growth and differentiation. These controls include the action of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, growth hormone, steroids, and calcitonin, as well as several bone marrow-derived membrane and soluble cytokines and growth factors (e.g. M-CSF, RANKL, VEGF and IL-6 family).[5] It is in this way that the body is able to maintain proper levels of calcium required for physiological processes. Thus bone remodeling is not just occasional "repair of bone damage" but rather an active, continual process that is always happening in a healthy body.
Subsequent to appropriate signaling, osteoclasts move to resorb the surface of the bone, followed by deposition of bone by osteoblasts. Together, the cells that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the BMU is referred to as the bone remodeling period.[6]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (November 2019) The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list or length of this list is disputed. Please discuss this issue on the talk page.…
Кубок Украины по футболу 2005/2006Кубок України з футболу 2005/2006 Время проведения 1 августа 2005 — 2 мая 2006 Число участников 69 16 (ВЛ) + 16 (1 лига) + 37 (2 лига) Призовые места Победитель Динамо (8-й раз) Финалист Металлург (Запорожье) Статистика турнира Сыграно матчей 71 Забито голов 195…
Эта статья или раздел нуждается в переработке.Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с правилами написания статей. (22 августа 2021)Внешняя политика Турецкой Республики Северного Кипра — это общий курс частично признанного государства Турецкой Республики Северного …
Philips N1500 VCR (1972) Comparisons of media players are lists of digital media player hardware and software products that compare their features. The lists are organized by medium and other characteristics. Hardware Comparison of portable media players, for portable hardware that play digital media Comparison of digital media players, for digital media players Software Comparison of video player software, for software designed to play all digital media including video Comparison of audio playe…
Мартин Димитровболг. Мартин Димитров Димитров Народився 13 квітня 1977(1977-04-13)[1] (46 років)Софія, БолгаріяКраїна БолгаріяДіяльність політик, економістAlma mater Університет національного та світового господарстваЗнання мов болгарська, англійська і французькаПос
Persekabtas TasikmalayaNama lengkapPersatuan Sepak Bola Kabupaten TasikmalayaBerdiri1 Juni 2018 (2018-06-01)Dibubarkan2022 (2022); digantikan oleh Persika 1951StadionStadion Mangunreja, Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat(Kapasitas: 27.000)Direktur Utama JuandiManajer Dedi PermanaLigaLiga 3 (Zona Jawa Barat)Liga 3 2019Fase grup Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Musim ini Persekabtas Tasikmalaya (atau kependekan dari Persatuan Sepak Bola Kabupaten Tasikmalaya) adalah tim sepak bola yang berbasis di Tas…
Цю назву мають декілька географічних об'єктів, сторінка містить посилання на статті про кожен з них.Якщо Ви потрапили сюди за внутрішнім посиланням, будь ласка, поверніться та виправте його так, щоб воно вказувало безпосередньо на потрібну статтю. В індексі Географічного
Kabinet Republik AzerbaijanAzərbaycan Respublikasının Nazirlər KabinetiLambang AzerbaijanBendera Kabinet Republik AzerbaijanInformasi KabinetDibentuk18 Oktober 1991; 32 tahun lalu (1991-10-18)JenisLembaga negaraKantor pusatJl. Lermontov No 68, Baku, Azerbaijan AZ1066Pegawai45 anggota: 1 orang perdana menteri 3 orang wakil perdana menteri 17 orang menteri pemimpin kementerian 14 orang pejabat setingkat menteri Kabinet eksekutifAli Asadov, Perdana Menteri AzerbaijanDasar hukumPasal 114 sa…
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Janeiro de 2021) Secretário do Trabalho dos Estados Unidos United States Secretary of Labor Selo do Deparamento do Trabalho Secretário do Trabalho dos Estados UnidosBandeira do Secretário do Trabalho No cargoJulie Sudesde 11 de março…
Max Hussarek (von) Heinlein, 1917 bis 1919 Freiherr Hussarek von Heinlein (* 3. Mai 1865 in Pressburg, Ungarn heute Slowakei; † 6. März 1935 in Wien) war christlichsozialer Politiker in der österreichischen Reichshälfte Österreich-Ungarns. In der Endphase der Monarchie war er 1918 drei Monate lang (vorletzter) Ministerpräsident Kaiser Karls I. (Ministerium Hussarek). Max Hussarek von Heinlein 1918 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Herkunft 2 Leben 3 Politik als Ministerpräsident 4 Literatur 5 Weblink…
American writer and suffragist Margaret Bell HoustonBorn1877 (1877)Cedar Bayou, TexasDiedJune 22, 1966(1966-06-22) (aged 88–89)St. Petersburg, FloridaNationalityAmericanEducationSt. Mary's CollegeAmerican Academy of Dramatic ArtsColumbia UniversityOccupation(s)Writer and suffragist Margaret Bell Houston (also Margaret Bell Houston Kauffman, 1877 – June 22, 1966) was an American writer and suffragist who lived in Texas and New York.[1] Houston published over 20 novels, most …
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Bedholan – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Bedolan (atau bedholan) di dalam istilah pedalangan, menurut Ki Naryo Carito seorang dalang dari Kartasura dan pengajar pedalangan pada Sekolah T…
هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (ديسمبر 2022) من أجل حفنة أولادمعلومات عامةالصنف الفني دراماتاريخ الصد…
French film director and screenwriter (1913–1996) René ClémentClément in 1995Born(1913-03-18)18 March 1913Bordeaux, FranceDied17 March 1996(1996-03-17) (aged 82)Monte Carlo, MonacoAwardsBest Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)1946 The Battle of the Rails1949 Beyond the Gates Golden Lion1952 Forbidden Games René Clément (French: [ʁəne klemɑ̃]; 18 March 1913 – 17 March 1996) was a French film director and screenwriter. He is known for directing the films The Battle of t…
Members of the armed forces Soldiers standing in formation in a Redeployment Ceremony at Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware April 13, 2014 Military personnel or military service members are members of the state's armed forces. Their roles, pay, and obligations differ according to their military branch (army, navy, marines, coast guard, air force, and space force,), rank (officer, non-commissioned officer, or enlisted recruit), and their military task when deployed on operations and on ex…
Weightliftingat the Games of the XXXI OlympiadVenueRiocentro – Pavilion 2Dates6–16 August 2016No. of events15Competitors260 from 94 nations← 20122020 → Weightlifting at the2016 Summer OlympicsQualificationList of weightliftersMenWomen56 kg48 kg62 kg53 kg69 kg58 kg77 kg63 kg85 kg69 kg94 kg75 kg105 kg+75 kg+105 kgvte Weightlifting competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 16 August at the Pavilion 2 of Riocentro. 260 athlete…
2000 single by Eminem The Way I AmSingle by Eminemfrom the album The Marshall Mathers LP ReleasedOctober 3, 2000[1]Recorded2000GenreHardcore hip hopLength4:50LabelAftermathInterscopeWebSongwriter(s)Marshall MathersProducer(s)EminemEminem singles chronology The Real Slim Shady (2000) The Way I Am (2000) Stan (2000) Music videoThe Way I Am on YouTube The Way I Am is a song written, produced, and performed by American rapper Eminem from his third album The Marshall Mathers LP (2000). It was…
Marvel Comics fictional character T'Challa redirects here. For the film characters, see T'Challa (Marvel Cinematic Universe) and Shuri (Marvel Cinematic Universe). Comics character Black PantherBlack Panther as depicted in Original Sin #2 (May 2014). Art by Gabriele Dell'Otto.Publication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceFantastic Four #52(July 1966)Created byStan LeeJack KirbyIn-story informationAlter egoT'ChallaSpeciesHuman mutatePlace of originWakanda, AfricaTeam affiliationsMi…
Not to be confused with 9-1-1: Lone Star or with the Lone Star Series, a baseball rivalry. American TV series or program Lone StarAlso known asMidlandGenreDramaCreated byKyle KillenStarringJames Wolk Adrianne Palicki Bryce Johnson David Keith Eloise Mumford Alexandra Doke Jon Voight Mark DeklinComposerDanny LuxCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes7[1]ProductionExecutive producersAmy LippmanChris KeyserKerry Kohansky RobertsKyle KillenPa…
Medical condition with a partial loss of sensitivity Not to be confused with Desensitization (psychology). Medical conditionHypoesthesiaOther namesNumbness, hypesthesiaSpecialtyPsychiatry, Neurology Hypoesthesia or numbness is a common side effect of various medical conditions that manifests as a reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a partial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. In everyday speech this is generally referred to as numbness.[1] Hypoesthesia primarily results from dam…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.17.80.71