Tinubu spent his early life in southwestern Nigeria and later moved to the United States where he studied accounting at Chicago State University. He returned to Nigeria in the 1980s and was employed by Mobil Nigeria as an accountant, before entering politics as a Lagos West senatorial candidate in 1992 under the banner of the Social Democratic Party. After the military dictator Sani Abacha dissolved the Senate in 1993, Tinubu went into exile and became an activist campaigning for the return of democracy as a part of the National Democratic Coalition movement.
Tinubu was born in Lagos into the merchant family of Abibatu Mogaji, the Ìyál'ọ́jà of Lagos. He is generally accepted in reliable sources to have been born in 1952;[2] this year of birth is sometimes disputed by political opponents, who argue that he is much older. Some reliable sources note that his age has not been verified.[3][4]
Tinubu attended St. John's Primary School, Aroloya, Lagos before proceeding to Children Home School in Ibadan.[5] Tinubu arrived in the United States in 1975, where he commenced undergraduate studies first at Richard J. Daley College in Chicago and then at Chicago State University where he majored in accounting and management. He worked odd jobs as a dishwasher, night security guard and cab driver to support himself through college.[6] He made the honor dean's list as an undergraduate and taught remedial class tutorials, some of his classmates credited his lectures for their improved grades. Tinubu was the university accounting society president in his senior year. His cumulative GPA was 3.54.[7] Tinubu graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1979.[8][9]
After graduating, Tinubu worked as an accountant for the American companies Arthur Andersen, Deloitte and GTE Services Corporation.[10][11] At Deloitte, he gained experience in auditing and management consultancy services for Fortune 500 corporations. He was a consultant for Saudi Aramco's joint venture partner National Oil, helping to establish their accounting and auditing system and leading to his first financial breakthrough.[12] Tinubu moved to London where he was recruited as an auditor for Mobil Oil UK before later joining Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (now Seplat Energy[13]) as a senior company executive and treasurer in the 1980s.[14][15]
Tinubu actively contributed and raised funds for community development programs in Lagos leading Primrose Group, a political action organization advocating for fundamental progressive changes in the state's politics during the Babangida administration. He later opted fully to enter politics in exchange for his lucrative job at Mobil.[16]
In 1992, he was elected to the Senate, representing Lagos West Senatorial District. At the National Assembly, he chaired the Senate Committee on Banking, Finance, Appropriation, and Currency.[18]
After the results of the 12 June 1993 presidential elections were annulled, Tinubu became a founding member of the pro-democracy National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), a group which mobilized support for the restoration of democracy and recognition of Abiola as the winner of the 12 June election.
Following the seizure of power as military head of state of General Sani Abacha,[19] Tinubu faced numerous arrests, detentions, harassment, and threats to his life, forcing him to flee Nigeria for safety. Undeterred, he joined NADECO abroad in-exile to continue fighting for democratic governance and the restoration of rule in the country. He went into exile in 1994 and returned to the country in 1998 after Abacha's death, which ushered in the transition to the Fourth Nigerian Republic.[20]
In the run-up to the 1999 elections, Bola Tinubu was a protégé of Alliance for Democracy (AD) leaders Abraham Adesanya and Ayo Adebanjo.[21] He went on to win the AD primaries for the Lagos State governorship elections in defeating Funsho Williams and Wahab Dosunmu, a former Minister of Works and Housing.[22] In January 1999, he stood for the position of Governor of Lagos State on the AD ticket and was elected governor.[23]
Governor of Lagos State (1999–2007)
As a skilled political strategist, Tinubu survived the then ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) massive takeover of the South Western States of Nigeria as the sole re-elected Governor of the AD. This led to frequent clashes with the PDP-controlled Federal Government, especially over his creation of 37 additional Local Council Development Areas for Lagos States. A Supreme Court ruling in his favor ordered the release of seized Lagos State Local Government funds.
During his 8 years in government, Tinubu initiated new road construction, required to meet the needs of the fast-growing population of the state. Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, the Executive Governor of Lagos State, Nigeria (1999–2007), received numerous awards for his exceptional leadership. These include Best Governor in Nigeria for 2000 by the Nigerian-Belgian Chamber of Commerce, Y2002 Best Practices Prize for improving the living environment by the Federal Ministry of Works and the UN Habitat Group, and Y2000 Best Computerized Government in Nigeria Award by the Computer Association of Nigeria. He was also conferred with the Honorary Doctor of Law Degree by Abia State University for his contributions to democracy, good governance, and Nigeria’s development. Tinubu holds numerous chieftaincy titles and supports various professional and social organizations.[24]
Tinubu, alongside a new deputy governor, Femi Pedro, won re-election into office as governor in April 2003. All other states in the South West fell to the People's Democratic Party in those elections.[25] He was involved in a struggle with the Olusegun Obasanjo-controlled federal government over whether Lagos State had the right to create new Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) to meet the needs of its large population. The controversy led to the federal government seizing funds meant for local councils in the state.[26] During the latter part of his term in office, he was engaged in continuous clashes with PDP powers such as Adeseye Ogunlewe, a former LagosState senator who had become minister of works, and Bode George, the southwest chairman of the PDP.[27]
In 2006, Tinubu attempted to persuade the then-vice president of Nigeria Atiku Abubakar to become the head of his new party, the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN). Abubakar who was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), had recently fallen out with President Olusegun Obasanjo over Abubakar's ambition to succeed Obasanjo as president. Tinubu offered Abubakar the chance to switch parties and join the AC, offering him his party's presidential candidacy, with the condition that he, Tinubu, would be Atiku Abubakar's running mate. Atiku declined the proposition and, having switched to the AC, chose a running mate from the South East, Senator Ben Obi. Although Atiku ran for office on Tinubu's platform in the election, the PDP still won, in a landslide.[28]
Relations between Tinubu and deputy governor Femi Pedro became increasingly tense after Pedro declared his intention to run for the gubernatorial elections. Pedro competed to become the AC candidate for governor in the 2007 elections, but withdrew his name on the eve of the party nomination. He defected to the Labour Party while still keeping his position as deputy governor.[29] Tinubu's tenure as Lagos State Governor ended on 29 May 2007, when his successor and former chief of staff Babatunde Fashola took office as Lagos state governor.[30][31]
In 2009, following the landslide victory of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in the April 2007 elections, Tinubu became involved in negotiations to bring together the fragmented opposition parties into a "mega-party" capable of challenging the then ruling PDP.[32] In March 2009, there were reports that a plot had been identified to assassinate Tinubu.[33]
Tinubu as the ACN's national leader openly endorsed the joint candidacy of Nuhu Ribadu and Fola Adeola as the ACN's presidential and vice presidential candidates in 2011.[34]Sahara Reporters later revealed that Tinubu made a deal with the Jonathan administration to support his re-election instead or face perjury charges levied against him on two counts by the federal government over his educational background.[35][36] Tinubu had previously filled out governorship candidate forms in 1998 to the Independent National Electoral Commission, falsely admitting that he had attended Government College, Ibadan.[37] Tinubu later stated in the run up to the 2015 election that he supported the candidacy of Goodluck Jonathan due to his perceived reform agenda, a claim which he had previously sued publisher Sahara Reporters over.[38][39][40]
In 2014, Tinubu supported former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari, leader of the CPC faction of the APC – who commanded widespread following in Northern Nigeria, and had previously contested in the 2003, 2007 and 2011 presidential elections as the CPC presidential candidate.[43] Tinubu initially wanted to become Buhari's vice presidential candidate but later conceded for Yemi Osibanjo, his ally and former commissioner of justice.[44] In 2015, Buhari rode the APC to victory, ending the 16-year rule of the PDP, and marking the first time an incumbent Nigerian president lost to an opposition candidate.[45]
Tinubu went on to play an important role in the Buhari administration, supporting government policies and holding onto the internal party reins, in lieu of his long-held rumored presidential aspiration.[46] In 2019, he supported Buhari's re-election campaign defeating the PDP candidate Atiku Abubakar. In 2020, following an internal party crisis which led to the removal of Tinubu ally and party chairman Adams Oshiomole, it is believed the move was to scuttle Tinubu's presidential prospects ahead of 2023.[47]
On 10 January 2022, Tinubu made his formal announcement of candidacy for president.[48][49][50] On 8 June 2022, Tinubu won the party convention vote of the ruling APC, scoring 1,271, to defeat Vice President Yemi Osinbajo and Rotimi Amaechi who scored 235 and 316 respectively.[51]
On 1 March 2023, INEC declared Tinubu winner of the 2023 presidential election.[52]
He was declared president-elect after he polled 8,794,726 votes to defeat his opponents.[53] His runner-up Atiku Abubakar of the opposition People's Democratic Party (PDP) polled 6,984,520 votes. Labour Party's Peter Obi had 6,101,533 votes to come third.[54]
Tinubu in his inaugural address promulgated the removal of the government subsidy on fuel.[59] The statement in his inaugural address caused initial panic buying and an overnight increase in prices at fuel pump stations in Nigeria.[60] The national labour union NLC called for nationwide strike and protests over the increase in fuel price, which was later called off amidst ongoing negotiations with government representatives.[61] The government subsidy on fuel consumption has caused a haemorrhage on the Nigerian public purse for decades and the removal was lauded as a positive development by the World Bank for the Nigerian economy.[62]
On 29 May 2023, Tinubu ended the costly subsidy of fuel that had previously existed in Nigeria, bringing privatization to the petroleum industry of Nigeria. The subsidy had cost the Nigerian government $10 billion per year at the time it was finally ended by Tinubu.[63]
President Tinubu on the night of 9 June suspended Godwin Emefiele, the powerful governor of the central bank of Nigeria.[64] Emefiele's suspension was the second ever a head of the apex bank in its history was removed by a Nigerian president.[65] Emefiele was arrested by Nigerian secret police SSS in Lagos attempting to flee the country to Benin.[66] The suspension was viewed as a positive development.[67][68] Emefiele as a conservative banker ascribed to the old school of propping up the Nigerian naira.[69][68][70] Emefiele was replaced by one of his more economical liberal deputies Folashodun Adebisi as acting governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria in a statement by the presidency "sequel to the ongoing investigation of his office and the planned reforms in the financial sector of the economy".[70] The suspension and subsequent arrest of Emefiele by secret police on charges of terrorism financing is seen as not far removed from his ideological leanings and politicising of the apex bank with his initiatives in office such as arbitrage under the Buhari administration and a currency redesign of the Nigerian naira.[71] However, some observers have noted the role of politics in Emefiele's suspension amid a clandestine raise in government debt borrowing ceiling from 5% to 15% through ways and means on the eve of the inauguration of President Tinubu.[72]
On the back of his suspension, the apex bank five days later on 14 June removed all foreign exchange trading restrictions and allowed the national currency to fall to its lowest ever on the market.[73] The move, though not unprecedented, signalled what was expected after the suspension.[74] Tinubu's financial reforms has been seen as surpassing the 1986 SAP regime in a bid to drastically overhaul the Nigerian economy and government finances since the return of democracy two decades prior.[75][76] On 15 June, President Tinubu inaugurated the national economic council chaired by Vice President Shettima.[77] The Council is mandated to advise the President on economic affairs and is composed of the governor of the central bank and all state governors of the federation.[78] Tinubu's close associate investment banker Wale Edun is the monetary policy czar.[79]
President Tinubu on 19 June proclaimed Mallam Nuhu Ribadu as the National Security Adviser.[85] The appointment of Nuhu Ribadu, a former police officer, was viewed as a radical turn from the military establishment which has long dominated the state security apparatus of Nigeria.[86] President Tinubu purged the leadership of the entire armed and paramilitary forces on 19 June retiring in the process over one hundred and fifty major generals.[87][88] The direction of state security under Tinubu is expected to be led by civilian control of the military under the Office of the National Security Adviser, a statutory constitutional body established in 1993.[89]
Tinubu embarked on his first foreign visit as Nigerian president to Paris on 21 June to attend a global financial summit held at Palais Boignart from 22 to 24 June.[90] He left Paris for London on a "private visit" where he met with his predecessor Muhammadu Buhari.[91] Tinubu despite drastic changes in fiscal and monetary policies had yet to constitute his cabinet.[92] He has made calls for a coalition government in order to bring opposition leaders under him.[93] A constitutional amendment passed by his predecessor made provisions for the President to appoint Ministers within the first sixty days in office. Tinubu dissolved the boards of all ministries, departments and agencies of Nigeria on 19 June.[94] Having spent one month in office and with the conclusion of parliamentary leadership elections Tinubu is constrained by law to send ministerial nominations to the Senate for hearing before July 29.[95]
In August 2023, he advocated for military intervention into Niger during the 2023 Nigerien crisis.[96] This was criticised by the opposition.[97]
Tinubu has throughout his political career espoused a comprehensive political and economic platform. Tinubu's ideal of progressivism include the values of egalitarianism, social justice, liberty, and the recognition of fundamental rights. He views the state as a positive advocate for the public welfare and its intervention in Nigerian society as necessary to ensure equality, justice, and social harmony.[100] This ideal is not so far removed from his activism of democracy during the military dictatorship in Nigeria.[101]
Economic views
His presidency and economic policies, which are known as Tinubunomics,[102] are expected to be a politico-ideological departure from Buharism, albeit most international economists are yet to ascertain the nature of this departure in economic terms; reforms in his first month in office have shown a departure from the previous administration.[103][104] The World Bank and IMF have pointed out the need for the incoming government to establish macro-structural adjustments on the scale of the late 1980s reform to re-herald the Nigerian economy amidst a global slowdown.[105] Tinubunomics has been outlined in a book he co-authored with Brian Browne, an American consul general in Lagos.[106][107]
Tinubu has been widely perceived as the "Godfather of Lagos".[108] His role in pulling the strings of the mega city-state was exposed in The Lion of Bourdillon, a 2015 documentary film highlighting Tinubu's political and financial grip on the city-state. Tinubu filed a ₦150 billion libel suit against the producers, Africa Independent Television (AIT).[109] The documentary ceased airing on 6 March 2015. He has attempted to strongarm the political process, including in December 2009, when it was reported that Fashola and Tinubu had fallen out over the issue of Fashola's re-election as Governor of Lagos in 2011, with Tinubu preferring the commissioner for environment, Muiz Banire.[110] A similar conflict took place in 2015 over Fashola's successor, Akinwunmi Ambode, pitting Fashola against Tinubu, who threw his full weight behind Ambode.[111] Ambode succeeded Fashola, was ousted by Tinubu and replaced by incumbent Babajide Sanwo-Olu.[112][113]
Allegations of corruption
In 1993, his assets were frozen by the United States government as a result of a court case asserting that the American government had "probable cause" to believe Tinubu's American bank accounts held the proceeds of heroin dealing. He settled with the U.S. government and forfeited about $460,000 later that year. Court documents and later reporting on the case suggested he worked in league with two Chicago heroin dealers.[114][115][116]
In April 2007, after the general elections, but before the governor-elect Babatunde Fashola had taken office, the Federal Government brought Tinubu before the Code of Conduct Bureau for trial over the alleged illegal operation of 16 separate foreign accounts.[117]
In January 2009, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission cleared Tinubu and governors James Ibori of Delta State and Obong Victor Attah of Akwa Ibom State of charges of conspiracy, money laundering, abuse of office and official corruption in relation to a sale of Vmobile network shares in 2004.[118] In September 2009, there were reports that the British Metropolitan Police were investigating a transaction in which the Lagos State government made an investment in Econet (now Airtel). Tinubu said the transaction was straightforward and profitable to the state, with no intermediaries involved.[119] The Federal Government rejected a request by Britain to release evidence needed for further investigation and prosecution of the three Nigerian ex-governors in a London court.[120]
During the 2019 election, a bullion van was seen entering Tinubu's residence on Bourdillion Road in Ikoyi, which caused him to later exclaim: "I keep money anywhere I want."[121]
Personal life
Tinubu married Oluremi Tinubu, who is a former senator representing the Lagos Central senatorial district, in 1987. They have three children, Zainab Abisola Tinubu, Habibat Tinubu and Olayinka Tinubu.[122][123] He fathered three children from previous relationships, Kazeem Olajide Tinubu (12 October 1974 – 31 October 2017), Folashade Tinubu (born 17 June 1976) and Oluwaseyi Tinubu (born 13 October 1985).[124]
Tinubu's mother, Abibatu Mogaji, died on 15 June 2013 at the age of 96.[125] On 31 October 2017, his son, Jide Tinubu, died in London.[126]
^GOBERT EMERSON Jr., TAIWO AMODU and DURO ADESEKO (11 April 2009). "Mega party, mega confusion". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
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