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Black-bellied hummingbird
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Eupherusa
Species:	E. nigriventris
Binomial name
	Eupherusa nigriventris; Lawrence, 1868

The black-bellied hummingbird (Eupherusa nigriventris) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

The black-bellied hummingbird is monotypic. It and the stripe-tailed hummingbird (E. eximia) are sister species.^[3]

Description

The black-bellied hummingbird is 7 to 8 cm (2.8 to 3.1 in) long and weighs about 3.0 to 3.5 g (0.11 to 0.12 oz). Males have a black breast and belly that provide the species' English name; their forehead and face are also black. The sides of the breast are green and the undertail coverts white. They have mostly bronze green upperparts with narrow black edges on the crown feathers and dull bronze uppertail coverts. Their central tail feathers are dull black with a bronze gloss and the outer ones white. The female has grayish white underparts with white undertail coverts. It has metallic bronze green upperparts that are more bronze on the uppertail coverts. Both sexes molt after breeding but males do so one to two months before the female.^[5]^[6]

Distribution and habitat

The black-bellied hummingbird is found through Costa Rica into western Panama, mostly on the Caribbean slope. It inhabits the edges and interior of humid montane forest at elevations between about 600 and 2,000 m (2,000 and 6,600 ft).^[5]

Behavior

Movement

The black-bellied hummingbird is mostly a year-round resident, but some move to the lower elevations after breeding.^[5]

Feeding

Male black-bellied hummingbirds typically forage for nectar in the forest canopy and females more often do so in the understory and at edges. Males sometimes defend flowering trees even when larger hummingbird species are present. The species' nectar sources include Inga and Pithecellobium trees; epiphytes (Ericaceae, Columnea, Elleanthus, and Norantea); and understory Psychotria, Witheringia, and Besleria. In one study it demonstrated greater interest in short flower types than long. In addition to nectar, the species also feeds on small arthropods.^[5]^[7]

Breeding

The black-bellied hummingbird's breeding season in Cost Rica is mostly from October to March but may start as early as July. It tends to breed in synchrony with the flowering of canopy epiphytes and some other plants. Females make a cup nest of tree fern scales bound with spiderweb with some moss and lichen on the outside. It is typically placed 2 to 4 m (7 to 10 ft) above the ground, often under a large overhanging leaf. The clutch size is two eggs; the incubation period and time to fledging are not known.^[5]^[6]

Songs and calls

Listen to black-bellied hummingbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The black-bellied hummingbird's song is "a high, thin, sputtering warble", typically given from perches at the edge of gaps in the forest. Its calls include "a sharp, high-pitched tseep or peet" and "a high, tsittering in chases".^[5]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the black-bellied hummingbird as being of Least Concern, though it has a fairly small range and its population size and trend are unknown. No immediate threats have been identified.^[1] In Costa Rica it is considered "uncommon to locally abundant" but "potentially is vulnerable to habitat loss."^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Eupherusa nigriventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687640A93162030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687640A93162030.en. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved 7 August 2022
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Schulenberg, T. S. and C. W. Sedgwick (2020). Black-bellied Hummingbird (Eupherusa nigriventris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blbhum1.01 retrieved 2 September 2022
^ ^a ^b Stiles, F. Gary (January 1985). "Seasonal Patterns and Coevolution in the Hummingbird-Flower Community of a Costa Rican Subtropical Forest". Ornithological Monographs (36): 757–787. doi:10.2307/40168315. JSTOR 40168315.
^ Maglianesi, María A.; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin; Schleuning, Matthias (May 2015). Ings, Thomas (ed.). "Different foraging preferences of hummingbirds on artificial and natural flowers reveal mechanisms structuring plant-pollinator interactions". Journal of Animal Ecology. 84 (3): 655–664. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12319. PMID 25400277.