Birdoswald

This article is about the farm at Birdoswald. For the Roman fort, see Banna (Birdoswald).

Birdoswald is a former farm in the civil parish of Waterhead in the English county of Cumberland. It stands on the site of the Roman fort of Banna.

Middle Ages

Birdoswald first appears in the written record in 1211 when Walter de Beivin was farming the property, then part of the Barony of Gilsland. He gave land in the area to Lanercost Priory and his nephew Ralph de Birdoswald indicating he had a house there. It was a convenient location, for the thick stone walls of the old Roman fort subsequently provided protection for generations of farmers in a Scottish border area that remained marginal and dangerous territory. By 1425, the farm was in the hands of the Vaux family who were probably the builders of a large pele tower found during excavation. The old Roman west gate was also still in use at this time, but it had collapsed by the end of the century.

Early modern period

In the 1580s, the farm was home to the Tweddle family who replaced the pele tower with a bastle house, a common form of border farmhouse with living quarters on the first floor above a livestock barn at ground level. It was the best defence against raids from neighbouring reivers. In fact the Tweddles themselves were probably reivers for Robert and Hobbe Tweddle appeared in typical reiver dress at a 1581 muster. They were certainly attacked on a number of recorded occasions by the notorious Elliot and Nixon families from Liddesdale. The door to their bastle house was hacked down and burnt and numerous cattle stolen. Even during such troubled times, the site of the Roman fort was visited by an early antiquarian, Reginald Bainbridge.

Current farmhouse

The farmhouse

In the late 17th century, the basis of the present farmhouse was built. The main part of the building was added in 1745 by Anthony Bowman and his wife, as still recorded on an inscribed stone. The antiquarian, John Horsley, visited the site not long before and William Hutton was there in 1802. In 1830, Thomas Crawhall bought the farm and, ten years later, Henry Norman. Both were interested in the old fort and instigated excavations. In 1858, Norman turned a rather plain farmhouse into a somewhat grander building, complete with mock medieval pele tower. The property was later sold to Lord Henley and let to tenants. The last of these left in 1984, when the farmhouse became a youth hostel and museum and much of the Roman fort was laid out for public display.

References

  • Wilmott, Tony (1995). Birdoswald Roman Fort. Carlisle: Cumbria County Council Heritage Services. (Review available here)

54°59′23″N 2°36′12″W / 54.9897°N 2.6032°W / 54.9897; -2.6032

Read other articles:

Pour Some Sugar on Me

Pour Some Sugar on MeLagu oleh Def Lepparddari album HysteriaSisi-B I Wanna Be Your Hero (Britania Raya) Ring of Fire (AS) Dirilis8 September 1987 (UK) 16 April 1988 (AS), 1989, 2000 4 Juni 2012 (versi rekaman ulang)Format 7 12 unduhan digital (versi 2012) DirekamDesember 1986–Januari 1987 (Asli) 2012 (versi rekaman ulang)Genre Glam metal heavy metal hard rock rap rock Durasi4:25 (versi album) 4:52 (versi edit video Hysteria) 4:21 (versi rekaman ulang 2012) 5:35 (versi ekstended)LabelMercur...

 

 

كرة القدم في دورة الألعاب العربية 1997

كرة القدم في دورة الألعاب العربية 1997معلومات عامةالرياضة كرة القدم جزء من دورة الألعاب العربية 1997 الفترة 1997 عدد الجولات 16 المواسمكأس العرب 1992 كرة القدم في دورة الألعاب العربية 1999 تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات كرة القدم في دورة الألعاب العربية 1997 البلد  لبنان الت�...

 

 

John Francis Mercer

American Founding Father and politician (1759-1821) For other people with the same name, see John Mercer (disambiguation). John Francis MercerPortrait by Robert Field, 180310th Governor of MarylandIn officeNovember 10, 1801 – November 13, 1803Preceded byBenjamin OgleSucceeded byRobert BowieMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Maryland's 2nd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1793 – April 13, 1794Preceded byWilliam HindmanSucceeded byGabriel DuvallMember...

Cartoon Network (Italia)

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il programma televisivo italiano, vedi Cartoon Network (programma televisivo). Cartoon NetworkLogo dell'emittenteStato Italia Linguaitaliano, Inglese Tipotematico Targetbambini e ragazzi VersioniCartoon Network SD 576i (SDTV)(data di lancio: 31 luglio 1996)Cartoon Network +1 576i (SDTV)(data di lancio: 31 luglio 2003)Cartoon Network HD 1080i (HDTV)(data di lancio: 28 novembre 2016) Data chiusura15 dicembre 2020 (Cartoon Network SD) Canali affiliatiBo...

 

 

Campionato Sammarinese 1994-1995

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento competizioni calcistiche non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Campionato Sammarinese 1994-1995 Competizione Campionato Sammarinese Sport Calcio Edizione 10ª Organizzatore FSGC Luogo  San Marino Partecipanti 10 Risultati Vincitore  Tre Fiori(4º titolo) Retrocessioni  Libertas Juvenes Statistiche Incontri...

 

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Old Hijazi Arabic

1-700 CE language variety or dialect Old Hejazi ArabicQurayshi ArabicBirmingham Quran manuscriptRegionHejaz (Saudi Arabia)Era1st century to 7th centuryLanguage familyAfroasiatic SemiticWest SemiticCentral SemiticNorth Arabian?ArabicOld ArabicOld Hejazi ArabicWriting systemDadanitic, Arabic, GreekLanguage codesISO 639-3None (mis)GlottologNone Old Hejazi, is a variety of Old Arabic attested in Hejaz (the western part of Saudi Arabia) from about the 1st century to the 7th century. It is the vari...

 

 

Shenyang FC-31

Fifth-generation jet fighter under development by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation This article is missing information about alleged J-35 rename for carrier use. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2022) FC-31 Gyrfalcon FC-31 prototype at 2014 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition Role Stealth multirole fighterType of aircraft National origin China Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation Design group 601 In...

 

 

Alaska Airlines Flight 261

Aviation accident over the Pacific Ocean in 2000 Alaska Airlines Flight 261N963AS, the Alaska Airlines MD-83 aircraft involved in the accident, seen in 1992AccidentDateJanuary 31, 2000 (January 31, 2000)SummaryLoss of control following jackscrew failureSitePacific Ocean near Anacapa Island, California, U.S. 34°03.5′N 119°20.8′W / 34.0583°N 119.3467°W / 34.0583; -119.3467AircraftAircraft typeMcDonnell Douglas MD-83OperatorAlaska AirlinesIATA flight No....

Charlotte Eagles

American professional soccer club Soccer clubCharlotte EaglesFull nameCharlotte Eagles Soccer ClubNickname(s)The EaglesFounded1991; 33 years ago (1991)StadiumSportsplex at MatthewsMatthews, North CarolinaCapacity2,300PresidentDavid UrbanHead CoachMichael KovachLeagueUSL League Two20232nd, South Atlantic DivisionPlayoffs: Conference QuarterfinalsWebsiteClub website Home colors Away colors The Charlotte Eagles is an American professional soccer team based in Charlotte, North C...

 

 

Clare Higgins

Clare Higgins nel 2016 Clare Frances Elizabeth Higgins (Bradford, 10 novembre 1955) è un'attrice inglese, attiva in campo teatrale, televisivo e cinematografico. Nota al grande pubblico per aver interpretato Julia Cotton nella saga di Hellraiser, Clare Higgins è una delle più apprezzate attrici teatrali inglesi della sua generazione e per le sue interpretazioni del repertorio classico e moderno sulle scene londinesi ha vinto tre Laurence Olivier Award alla miglior attrice. Indice 1 Biograf...

 

 

Salvatore Alfieri

Salvatore Alfieri Salvatore Alfieri con la maglia del Pescara (1993) Nazionalità  Italia Altezza 175 cm Peso 66 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex difensore) Termine carriera 2009 - giocatore CarrieraSquadre di club1 1986-1987 Larino? (?)1987-1989 Chieti43 (5)1989-1995 Pescara95 (4)1996→  Ancona17 (0)1996-1997 Pescara17 (0)1997-1998 Gualdo21 (0)1998-2000 Ascoli50 (1)2001 Catanzaro14 (1)2001-2002 Nardò2 (0)2002-2003 Sanremese28 (1)2003-2004...

Claudio Lombardi

Claudio Lombardi (a sinistra), responsabile della squadra Martini Lancia, discute con Juha Kankkunen nel corso del Rally di Sanremo 1989 Claudio Lombardi (Alessandria, 12 maggio 1942) è un ingegnere italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Motori 1.2 Politica 2 Note 3 Altri progetti Biografia Motori Dopo la maturità classica consegue la laurea in ingegneria meccanica, indirizzo Trasporti, all'Università di Bologna. Dal 1968 al 1974, presso Fiat Auto, è ricercatore in campo motoristico, occupandos...

 

 

Labor unions in Japan

This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: this article is largely missing information about this topic from 1991 onward. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2023)Labor unions in JapanNational organization(s)Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengo) National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenroren) National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo) OthersRegulatory authorityMinistry of Health, Labour and WelfarePrimary legisla...

 

 

Мост Мольтке

Мост Мольткенем. Moltkebrücke 52°31′19″ с. ш. 13°22′08″ в. д.HGЯO По мосту проходит путь сообщения[d] Пересекает Шпре Место расположения Митте Конструкция Материал old red sandstone[d] Число пролётов 3 Общая длина 77,6 м Ширина моста 26,7 м Эксплуатация Открытие 1891 ...

Moffat County, Colorado

County in Colorado, United States Not to be confused with the town of Moffat, Colorado. County in ColoradoMoffat CountyCountyRound Bottom Area in Moffat County, ColoradoLocation within the U.S. state of ColoradoColorado's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 40°37′N 108°12′W / 40.61°N 108.2°W / 40.61; -108.2Country United StatesState ColoradoFoundedFebruary 27, 1911Named forDavid H. MoffatSeatCraigLargest cityCraigArea • Total4,751 sq...

 

 

Lenovo

Lenovo Group LimitedLogo sejak tahun 2015Kantor pusat Lenovo di Distrik Haidian, BeijingNama asli联想集团有限公司Nama latinLiánxiǎng Jítuán Yǒuxiàn GōngsīJenisPublikKode emitenSEHK: 992Merah Muda OTC: LNVGYIndustriPerangkat keras komputerElektronikDidirikan1 November 1984; 39 tahun lalu (1984-11-01) (sebagai Legend 联想)BeijingPendiriLiu ChuanzhiKantorpusatBeijing, Tiongkok(kantor pusat global)[1][2] Hong Kong, Tiongkok(kantor pusat terdaftar) Morrisvill...

 

 

Hilmar Farid

Hilmar FaridLahirHilmar Farid08 Maret 1968 (umur 56) Bonn, Jerman BaratKebangsaan IndonesiaPekerjaanDirektur Jenderal KebudayaanDikenal atassejarawan, aktivis dan pengajar Indonesia Hilmar Farid, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. (lahir 8 Maret 1968) adalah seorang sejarawan, aktivis, dan pengajar Indonesia. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2015, ia dilantik menjadi Direktur Jenderal Kebudayaan yang baru, menggantikan Kacung Marijan yang telah menjabat selama 4,5 tahun.[1] Hilmar merupakan orang pertam...

Disney Junior (Indian TV channel)

Indian television station for pre-schoolers Television channel Disney JuniorTypeTelevision ChannelCountryIndiaBroadcast areaIndiaSri Lanka[1]NepalBhutan[2]Maldives[3]NetworkDisney StarHeadquartersMumbai, IndiaProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishHindiTelugu and TamilPicture format576i SDTVOwnershipOwnerThe Walt Disney Company IndiaSister channelsDisney Star ChannelsHistoryLaunched4 July 2011 (block)15 October 2012 (channel)Former namesPlayhouse Disney (2006–2011)LinksWebsite...

 

 

Payment card number

Not to be confused with Permanent account number. Card identifier found on payment cards This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Payment card number – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A payment card number, primary account number...