The Belt Parkway is the name given to a series of controlled-accessparkways that form a belt-like circle around the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The Belt Parkway comprises three of the four parkways in what is known as the Belt System: the Shore Parkway, the Southern Parkway (not to be confused with the Southern State Parkway), and the Laurelton Parkway. The three parkways in the Belt Parkway are a combined 25.29 miles (40.70 km) in length. The Cross Island Parkway makes up the fourth parkway in the system, but is signed separately.
Route description
The Shore Parkway, Southern Parkway, Laurelton Parkway, and Cross Island Parkway are collectively known as the "Belt System".[2] The four components of the Belt System are designated as New York State Route 907C (NY 907C), NY 907D, NY 907B, and NY 907A, respectively, by the New York State Department of Transportation. All four numbers are reference route designations and are not signed.[3] Excluding the Cross Island Parkway, the other three segments are now known collectively as the official "Belt Parkway". It is designated an east–west route, and its exit numbering system begins, in standard fashion, at the western terminus of the Shore Parkway, the westernmost parkway in the system. The numbering increases as the parkway proceeds eastward, and continues onto the Cross Island at the eastern terminus of the Belt Parkway. The north–south parkway retains the numbering scheme to its northern terminus.
Shore Parkway
Belt Parkway signage
The Belt Parkway begins at an interchange (exit 22) with the Gowanus Expressway in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn. Paralleling Third Avenue, the parkway turns west and crosses over the Long Island Rail RoadBay Ridge Branch, a freight-only line. Bypassing Bay Ridge, the Belt passes exit 1, which services 65th–67th Streets in Bay Ridge. Crossing south past Owl's Head Park, the parkway turns southward and enters Shore Road Park, paralleling the shore of the Upper New York Bay. The eastbound lanes of the Belt Parkway pass several small parking areas that serve as viewing spots for the bay. Connections across the parkway to Bay Ridge are also present at these parking areas. Beginning the bend to the southeast, the parkway passes Andrew Lehman Field.[4]
Just east of the field, the Belt Parkway comes within the shadows of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and passes exit 2, which serves as the southern terminus of Fourth Avenue. After crossing under the bridge, the westbound lanes enter exit 3 which connects to the Verrazzano. Eastbound, the lanes from the bridge connecting to the Belt merge in, as the road enters Dyker Beach Park and Golf Course. During a short gap away from the shore, the Belt passes a parking area for Dyker Beach Park, entering exit 4, which services Bay 8th Street and 14th Avenue. Continuing along the park, the Belt begins to parallel Cropsey Avenue and passes another parking area before reaching exit 5, a junction with Bay Parkway. This marks the eastern end of Dyker Beach Park, and the route begins to parallel shoreline strip malls before reaching Calvert Vaux Park.[4]
Now in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn, the Belt passes exit 6, which connects to Cropsey Avenue. Westbound, this junction is split into exit 6N and exit 6S, also serving Stillwell Avenue. The parkway bends eastward and crosses over the Coney Island Complex, a large railroad yard for the New York City Subway. Just before passing exit 7, the eastbound lanes cross just north of the Neptune Avenue subway station. Exit 7 eastbound services Ocean Parkway, which is met by exit 7B proceeding westbound. Westbound, exit 7A services Shell Road in Gravesend. Paralleling the namesake Neptune Avenue, the parkway enters Sheepshead Bay and connections to Coney Island.[4]
At exit 8, the Belt Parkway connects to Coney Island Avenue, approaching the namesake bay as it continues east. Paralleling Emmons Avenue through Sheepshead Bay, the parkway passes exit 9A eastbound, which connects to Knapp Street and exit 9B, which is a ramp to the eastern end of Emmons Avenue. Westbound, exit 9 services Knapp Street. Crossing south of Gerritsen Beach, the parkway passes south of the Plum Beach Channel and passes a small rest area on the eastbound lanes. Turning northeast through the Floyd Bennett Field area, the parkway bends north and passes a service area with gas services in the median. Just north of the service area, the Belt passes exit 11N–S, a cloverleaf interchange which connects to Flatbush Avenue and the Rockaways.[4]
Westbound from Flatbush AvenueReplacement for Mill Basin drawbridge
After exit 11N, the Belt Parkway continues east through Floyd Bennett Field, crossing over the Mill Basin Drawbridge into Brooklyn Beach and passes the entrance to the Jamaica Bay Riding Academy, the only business served directly on the parkway. Crossing over another bridge, the parkway enters the Canarsie section of Brooklyn. The parkway, now running northeast, parallels a bicycle path, reaching Canarsie Pier and exit 13, which serves as the southern end of Rockaway Parkway. Crossing over another bridge over Spring Creek, the parkway passes exit 14, which connects to Pennsylvania Avenue in Starrett City. The interchange is adjacent to the former Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill. After crossing another waterway, Hendrix Creek, the Belt passes the former Fountain Avenue Landfill and passes exit 15, a diamond interchange with Erskine Street leading to the Gateway Center shopping complex.[4]
Now crossing over the Old Mill Basin section of Jamaica Bay, the Belt Parkway continues northeast in the borough of Queens, entering exit 17N–S, Cross Bay Boulevard and Cohancy Street, which also connects to the Cross Bay Bridge and towards the Rockaways. Crossing into an interchange with NY 27, the parkway travels under the IND Rockaway Line (A train) and passes exit 18B, which connects to Aqueduct Racetrack in Ozone Park.[4]
Southern and Laurelton Parkways
Now on the Southern Parkway section of the Belt, the Belt continues eastward into exit 19, which connects to NY 878 (the Nassau Expressway) and indirectly with I-678, the Van Wyck Expressway. This interchange also serves as access to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Now with North and South Conduit Avenues serving as westbound and eastbound frontage roads for the parkway, passing exit 20, a junction with the JFK Expressway and the airport. Crossing under the Van Wyck, the Belt continues east through multiple underpasses and overpasses before reaching exit 21A, westbound side, which services 150th Street and Rockaway Boulevard. Crossing under Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, the Belt passes exit 21B, which connects to Farmers Boulevard and Guy R. Brewer Boulevard.[4]
Exit 22 services Springfield Boulevard, where the Belt Parkway begins to parallel a Long Island Rail Road line through Laurelton. Westbound, exit 23A services North Conduit Boulevard (NY 27) and 225th Street, while eastbound, exit 23B services NY 27 and the Sunrise Highway. At this junction, the parkway turns northeast and joins the Laurelton Parkway segment, which connects to exit 24A, Merrick Boulevard (also known as Floyd H. Flake Boulevard[5]) in both directions, and Francis Lewis Boulevard on the eastbound lanes. Exit 24B on the eastbound lanes connects also to Merrick Boulevard and 130th Avenue and on the westbound lanes connect Francis Lewis Boulevard. Just after crossing under 130th Avenue, the Belt passes exit 25A–B. At this interchange, the Laurelton Parkway segment ends, with exit 25A connecting to the western terminus of the Southern State Parkway and exit 25B servicing Elmont Road.[4]
At this interchange, the Belt Parkway crosses over the Southern State and becomes the Cross Island Parkway, which continues north through Queens, connecting to I-495, the Grand Central Parkway and eventually I-678, the Whitestone Expressway.[4]
The Belt Parkway was proposed by public official and highway advocate Robert Moses on February 25, 1930 to provide highway access to Manhattan and to connect to, and use similar design principles to, parkways already constructed on Long Island and Westchester County, New York. At the time, the Belt project was referred to as the "Marginal Boulevard".[6][7] The Belt system was part of a "Metropolitan Loop" running through all five boroughs of New York City as well as New Jersey, proposed by the Regional Plan Association in 1929. Other highways proposed in this loop included the future Cross Bronx Expressway and Staten Island Expressway.[8][9][10]
In a 1937 report titled "New Parkways in New York City", the New York City Parks Department proposed the Belt Parkway in the following outline:
The Circumferential Parkway begins at Owl's Head Park at the Narrows, and follows the Shore Drive through Fort Hamilton and Dyker Beach Park. The City of New York was vested title in an extension along Gravesend Bay to Bensonhurst Park, and is about to acquire the remaining rights-of-way up to Guilder Avenue, including sufficient land for the conversion of Guilder Avenue into a genuine parkway with service roads. It is proposed to acquire the rights-of-way for the extension of Guilder Avenue by means of a new parkway parallel to, and north of Emmons Avenue to the Marine Parkway extension, for which land is already in the possession of the City. It is proposed to carry the Circumferential Parkway from Flatbush Avenue where the Marine Parkway extension ends, along or near Jamaica Bay to a point on Southern Parkway, just east of the Rockaway division of the Long Island Railroad in Queens. Work on the conversion of the Sunrise Highway into a genuine parkway is already under way. This will be known as Southern Parkway.[6]
Construction
Upper New York and Staten Island, as seen from Belt Parkway
Construction began in 1934. New highway designs were implemented, including dark main roads and lighter-colored entrance and exit ramps. The parkway first opened on June 29, 1940, with most of Cross Island, Southern, and Shore Parkway sections completed.[11] A 12-mile (19 km) bike path along the Southern Brooklyn section of the Belt Parkway opened in 1941.[12]
The construction of Belt Parkway entailed:
11,800,000 cubic yards (9,000,000 m3) of hydraulic fill pumped
4,800,000 cubic yards (3,700,000 m3) of dry fill moved
1,500,000 square yards (1,300,000 m2) of pavement used
530,000 cubic yards (410,000 m3) of concrete used
11,500 cubic yards (8,800 m3) of masonry used
400,000 feet (120,000 m) of piles used
320,000 short tons (290,000 long tons) of steel used
All the original parkways, except the Gowanus, were built on grassy rights-of-way with trees, in a more green surrounding than most highways of their time. To build sections between exits 7 and 8 in the 1930s parts of Coney Island Creek were filled in, finishing the process, begun over a decade before construction began, of turning Coney Island from an island into a peninsula.[13] The Gowanus Parkway, in part replacing the demolished Fifth Avenue Line, was built as an elevated structure over Third and Hamilton Avenues in order to avoid the active docks and industrial areas including Sunset Park, Brooklyn.
Like most parkways in New York State, the parkways comprising the Belt System were closed to commercial traffic, including any vehicle with a non-passenger registration and all commercial trucking of any size. Originally even station wagons, which had "suburban" registrations, were excluded but they were later allowed, along with passenger-registered SUVs and vans.
In 1969, the New York City Council co-named the Belt Parkway Leif Ericson Drive between exit 2 and exit 9, to recognize the large Scandinavian population in Bay Ridge.[20] By 1970, signage on much of the parkway's length (except for the Cross Island Parkway section) had been replaced by signs reading "Belt Parkway".[6] The segment of NY 27A that ran concurrently with the parkway was removed in 1972.[6] In the 1980s, the viaduct carrying traffic over the Coney Island Yard was reconstructed.[6] In September 2002, Exit 15 was opened to serve the nearby Gateway Center commercial development.[21] in 2005, a project to reconstruct Exit 17 was competed. The old cloverleaf interchange was demolished, and a new Diamond interchange with wider deacceleration lanes and gentler turns was constructed in its place.[6]
In October 2009, NYCDOT launched the first phase of a capital project to reconstruct seven obsolete bridges along the Belt Parkway.[22] The first phase included the reconstruction of an overpass ramp from Guider Avenue, as well as the replacement of the Paerdegat Basin and Rockaway Parkway bridges, which was completed in 2012.[23] In 2021, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority proposed widening a 2-mile (3.2 km) section of the Belt Parkway near the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge.[24][25]
^"Moses Builds Islands in Marsh To Support Road Around City: Dredges Pump Up Sand From Bottom of Bay to West of Floyd Bennett Field; Only 4 Miles of Belt Parkway Are Finished, Leaving 29 to Go Making Sand Islands to Carry Part of the Belt Parkway". New York Herald Tribune. April 23, 1939. p. A1. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest1243016733.
Grand Prix Brazil 1980 Lomba ke-2 dari 17 dalam Formula Satu musim 1980 Detail perlombaanTanggal 27 Januari 1980Nama resmi IX Grande Prêmio do BrasilLokasi Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, BrasilSirkuit Permanent racing facilityPanjang sirkuit 7.873 km (4.920 mi)Jarak tempuh 40 putaran, 314.920 km (196.825 mi)Cuaca DryPosisi polePembalap Jean-Pierre Jabouille RenaultWaktu 2:21.40Putaran tercepatPembalap René Arnoux RenaultWaktu 2:27.31PodiumPertama René Arnoux RenaultKedua Elio de...
Universitas TarumanagaraUniversitas TarumanagaraNama lainUNTARMotoMenjadi universitas entrepreneurial unggul yang memiliki integritas dan profesional di Asia TenggaraJenisPerguruan Tinggi SwastaDidirikan1 Oktober 1959; 64 tahun lalu (1959-10-01)AfiliasiYayasan TarumanagaraRektorProf. Dr. Ir. Agustinus Purna IrawanJumlah mahasiswa14.820 (2021)AlamatJl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Grogol Petamburan, Jakarta Barat 11440, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaKampusUrbanWarnaMerah Marun Sit...
Abhijit BanerjeeBanerjee at the 2011 FT Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year AwardLahir21 Februari 1961 (umur 63)Kolkata, IndiaWarga negaraUnited StatesSuami/istriArundhati Tuli Banerjee (divorced)Esther Duflo (2015)InstitusiMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBidangDevelopment economicsAlma materPresidency College, CalcuttaJawaharlal Nehru UniversityHarvard UniversityPembimbingdoktoralEric MaskinMahasiswadoktoralEsther Duflo[1]Dean Karlan[2] Benjamin Jones Abhi...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Александровская Слобода (значения). Александровская слобода Крепостная стена XVII века Город Александров Год постройки XV—XVII века Количество башен 5 Официальный сайт Медиафайлы на Викискладе Объект культурного наследия...
Aleksandar VučićVučić pada tahun 2017 Presiden SerbiaPetahanaMulai menjabat 31 Mei 2017Perdana MenteriIvica Dačić (Pelaksana Tugas) Ana BrnabićPendahuluTomislav NikolićPenggantiPetahanaPerdana Menteri SerbiaMasa jabatan27 April 2014 – 31 Mei 2017PresidenTomislav NikolićWakilIvica DačićPendahuluIvica DačićPenggantiIvica Dačić (Pelaksana Tugas) Informasi pribadiLahir5 Maret 1970 (umur 54)Beograd, Yugoslavia(sekarang Serbia)Partai politikRadikal (1993–2008)Pr...
Swedish ice hockey player (born 1991) Ice hockey player Oliver Ekman-Larsson Ekman-Larsson with the Vancouver Canucks in 2021Born (1991-07-17) 17 July 1991 (age 32)Karlskrona, SwedenHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 200 lb (91 kg; 14 st 4 lb)Position DefenceShoots LeftNHL teamFormer teams Florida PanthersArizona CoyotesVancouver CanucksNational team SwedenNHL Draft 6th overall, 2009Phoenix CoyotesPlaying career 2010–present Oliver Oscar Emanue...
Memorial plaque on Cockburn Island to those who lost their lives in the explosion and sinking of the John B. King drill boat History Canada NameJohn B. King Launched1863 FateSank June 26, 1930 General characteristics Length140 ft (43 m) Beam50 ft (15 m) John B. King explosionDateJune 26, 1930Time16:30 ESTLocationBrockville, OntarioCoordinates44°33′46″N 75°42′42″W / 44.56283°N 75.71179°W / 44.56283; -75.71179CauseLightningCasualties30 The...
Fadel MuhammadPotret resmi, 2019 Wakil Ketua Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik IndonesiaPetahanaMulai menjabat 3 Oktober 2019Menjabat bersama Periode 2019–24 Ahmad Basarah Ahmad Muzani Lestari Moerdijat Hidayat Nur Wahid Jazilul Fawaid Zulkifli Hasan Syarief Hasan Arsul Sani KetuaBambang SoesatyoPendahulu Periode 2014–19 Mahyudin Evert Ernest Mangindaan Hidayat Nur Wahid Oesman Sapta Odang Muhaimin Iskandar Ahmad Muzani Ahmad Basarah PenggantiPetahanaAnggota Dewan Perwa...
Part of an internal combustion engine or steam engine A combustion chamber is part of an internal combustion engine in which the fuel/air mix is burned. For steam engines, the term has also been used for an extension of the firebox which is used to allow a more complete combustion process. Internal combustion engines Side view of an engine, showing the combustion chamber's location This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations t...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant un physicien américain. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Jerome Isaac FriedmanBiographieNaissance 28 mars 1930 (94 ans)Chicago (Illinois)Nationalité américaineFormation Université de ChicagoUniversité StanfordJohn Marshall Metropolitan High School (en)Activités Physicien, professeur d'universitéAutres informationsA travaillé pour Massachusetts I...
烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/(英文) 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表(英语:Representatives of the President of Ukraine) 总...
يشير مصطلح اليسار المسيحي إلى طيف من الأحزاب والحركات السياسيَّة والاجتماعيَّة اليسارية المسيحية، والتي تعتنق إلى حد كبير وجهات النظر التي توصف بأنها عدالة اجتماعية والتي تتمسك بمفاهيم حركة الإنجيل الاجتماعي. ونظرًا للتنوع المتأصل في الفكر السياسي الدولي، للمصطلح معان...
Sand dune field in Yukon Territory, Canada Carcross Desert in May with Nares Lake in the background Carcross Desert, located outside Carcross, Yukon, Canada, is a series of sand dunes. The Carcross Desert measures approximately 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi), or 259 ha (640 acres).[1][2] Background information Carcross Desert is commonly referred to as a desert, but is actually a series of northern sand dunes.[2] The area's climate is too humid to be considere...
هيلدسهايم علم شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالألمانية: Hildesheim) الإحداثيات 52°09′N 9°57′E / 52.15°N 9.95°E / 52.15; 9.95 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد ألمانيا[2][3] التقسيم الأعلى هيلدسهايم عاصمة لـ هيلدسهايم خصائص جغرافية المساحة 92.29 كيلومتر مرب...
Canadian charter and cargo airline North Star AirA Pilatus PC-12 at Cambridge Bay Airport IATA CDD Callsign — BF[1] BLACKFLY[1] AOC #11025[2]HubsThunder Bay International Airport,Pickle Lake Airport,Red Lake Airport,Thompson Airport,Kapuskasing AirportSecondary hubsSioux Lookout AirportFleet size15,[3] 18[4]Destinations18[5]Parent companyThe North West CompanyHeadquartersThunder Bay, OntarioKey peopleFrank KelnerWebsitewww.northstarair.ca...
C.A. van Ophuijsen Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen (disingkat Ch.A. Ophuijsen; 31 Desember 1854 – 19 Februari 1917) adalah seorang Belanda kelahiran Solok yang ahli dalam studi keislaman dan ahli ilmu sosiologi sehingga dia banyak berteman dengan ketua suku termasuk suku atau marga Arab Hadrami yang dibuktikan dengan perannya dalam mendirikan, mengesahkan, menetapkan, dan menandatangani Akta Notaris terbentuknya Rabitah Alawiyyah karena beliau berteman karib dengan Habib Ali bin...
Srah Srang dari platform barat. Srah Srang (Bahasa Khmer: ស្រះស្រង់) adalah sebuah baray di Angkor, Kamboja. Tempat ini terletak di selatan Baray Timur dan sebelah timur Banteay Kdei. Referensi Freeman, Michael. Jacques, Claude. Ancient Angkor. River Books 2006. ISBN 974-8225-27-5. Dumarçay, Jacques et al. Cambodian Architecture, Eight to Thirteenth Century. 2001. ISBN 90-04-11346-0. Pranala luar Photos of Srah Srang by M.A.Sullivan on Bluffton University website lbsSit...