Bagneux-la-Fosse is located some 40 km east of Saint-Florentin and 15 km south-west of Bar-sur-Seine. Access to the commune is by the D32 road from Avirey-Lingey in the north which passes through the village before continuing south to join the D452 which continues to Channes. The D17 goes west from the village the north-west to Pargues. The D26 branches off the D32 north-east of the village and goes north-east to Neuville-sur-Seine. There is a large forest in the north-west of the commune and a smaller forest in the south-east with the rest of the commune farmland.[3]
The Sarce river flows through the commune from south to north just east of the village and continues north to join the Seine at Virey-sous-Bar.[3]