In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus described 554 species of bird and gave each a binomial name.
Linnaeus had first included birds in the 6th edition of his Systema Naturae, which was published in 1748. In it he listed 260 species arranged into 51 genera, in turn divided amongst six orders. The entries for each species were very brief; rather than including a description, he gave a citation to an earlier publication — often to his own Fauna suecica, which had been published in 1746.[1][2] Linnaeus generally followed the classification scheme introduced by the English parson and naturalist John Ray which grouped species based on the characteristics of each species’ bill and feet.[3]
The 10th edition appeared in 1758 and was the first in which Linnaeus consistently used his binomial system of nomenclature. He increased the number of birds to 554 species, collectively filling 116 pages (contrasting with a mere 17 in the 6th edition).[Note 1] For each species he included a brief description together with one or more citations to earlier publications.[1][6] He maintained 6 orders as in the 6th edition but renamed Scolopaces to Grallae. He rearranged some of the genera, dropping several and adding others to bring the total to 63.[5][Note 2][Note 3]
Living in Sweden, Linnaeus did not have access to a large collection of bird specimens. In order to expand the Systema Naturae for the 10th edition, he relied on earlier publications by other authors.[5] For many birds his description was based on George Edwards's A Natural History of Uncommon Birds which contained 210 hand-coloured plates, nearly all of which were of birds. The four volumes were published between 1743 and 1751.[11] For many North America species Linnaeus relied on Mark Catesby's The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants. It was published in parts between 1729 and 1747.[12] In his description of 81 North American bird species Linnaeus included a cite to Catesby's book and for 33 of these the only work cited is Catesby's.[13]
Linnaeus was not familiar with the species he described, which meant that his classification was often very defective. He sometimes placed very similar birds in different genera. For example, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae includes two subspecies of the common kingfisher, one of which he placed in the genus Gracula and the other in the genus Alcedo. Similarly, he included two subspecies of the red-whiskered bulbul, one of which he placed in Lanius and the other in Motacilla.[6] In his list Linnaeus included two penguins. He placed the southern rockhopper penguin together with the red-billed tropicbird in the genus Phaethon while the African penguin he placed together with the wandering albatross in the genus Diomedea.[5]
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has selected 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature, and stated that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date.[14] In 2016 the list of birds of the world maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union included 448 species for which Linnaeus's description in the 10th edition is cited as the authority. Of these species, 101 have been retained in their original genus and 347 have been moved to a different genus. In addition, there are six species on Linnaeus's 1758 list that are now considered as subspecies. Of Linnaeus's 63 genera, only Tantalus and Colymbus are not now used.[10]
In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1766, Linnaeus described many additional birds that had not been included in the 10th edition. The 12th edition included 931 bird species divided into 6 orders and 78 genera.[5][15] The 12th edition is cited as the authority for 257 modern species of which only 25 have been retained in their original genus.[10] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.[16][17]
A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are aereal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.[18]
^The number of 554 reflects the numbered species contained in Linnaeus's book, all of which are listed below. Not all of these are now recognised as species. Ernst Mayr mistakenly stated that Linnaeus listed 564 species[4] while Joel Allen stated that Linnaeus listed 545 species.[5]
^W. L. McAtee mistakenly claims that Linnaeus in his 10th edition lists 102 genera of birds.[7] In fact Linnaeus numbered his bird genera from 40 to 102.
^For the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae Linnaeus dropped six genera that he had introduced in the 6th edition. These were Ispida, Ortygometra, Numenius, Casuarius, Gallus and Ampelis. He reintroduced the genus Ampelis in the 12th edition.[8] The French scientist Mathurin Jacques Brisson based some of the genera in his Ornithologie on those introduced by Linnaeus in his 6th edition and adopted Ispida, Numenius, Casuarius and Gallus. As Ornithologie was published in 1760, after the I.C.Z.N. cutoff date of 1758, Brisson and not Linnaeus is considered as the authority for the last three of the above genera.[5][9][10]
^The genus Colymbus was mis-spelt "Columbus" in the list of bird genera on p. 84, but appears as Colymbus elsewhere.
^The genus Colymbus was suppressed by the I.C.Z.N. in 1956.[87]
^ abLinnaeus mixed the two species Turdus iliacus and Turdus musicus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Under Turdus iliacus, he gave a description of the song thrush, but cited references referring to the redwing; under Turdus musicus, he gave a description of the redwing, but cited referenced referring to the song thrush. The confusion was partly clarified in the 1766 12th edition. The name Turdus musicus was suppressed after a 1957 appeal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Ernst Mayr and Charles Vaurie.[137][138]
^For the second occurrence of Fringilla zena Linnaeus cites Plate 37 in Volume 1 of Mark Catesby's The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (1729-1732).[155][156] In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae Linnaeus cites the same plate for the Fringilla bicolor, now Tiaris bicolor, the black-faced grassquit.[157]
References
^ abLinnaeus, Carl (1748). "Aves". Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturae, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque æneis illustrata (in Latin) (6th ed.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. pp. 16–32.
^ abcdefAllen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335 [324]. hdl:2246/678.
^Catesby, Mark (1729–1747). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (in English and French). Vol. 1–2. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. For the publication date for the individual parts see: Overstreet, Leslie K. (2014). "The dates of the parts of Mark Catesby's The natural history of Carolina ... (London, 1731–1743 [1729–1747])". Archives of Natural History. 41 (2): 362–364. doi:10.3366/anh.2014.0256.
^Ridgway, Robert (1916). "Order Psittaciformes. Parrot-like birds". The Birds of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Volume 50, Part 7. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 105-274 [272].
^Donegan, Thomas M. (2016). "Case 3692 Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 and Columba livia domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves, columbidae): proposed conservation of specific and subspecific names in conformance with prevailing usage". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 73 (1): 30–41. doi:10.21805/bzn.v73i1.a20.
^International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2018). "Opinion 2424 (Case 3692) – Columba domestica livia Gmelin, 1789 and Columba oenas domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves, Columbidae): specific and subspecific names conserved for Columba livia and Columba livia domestica". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 75 (1): 282–284. doi:10.21805/bzn.v75.a061.
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti mitologia romana e mitologia greca non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Le corrispondenze tra divinità greche e romane sono il segno più visibile di un continuum religioso e culturale tra le popolazioni che hanno orbitato intorno al Mar Mediterraneo e...
ГорзGorze Країна Франція Регіон Гранд-Ест Департамент Мозель Округ Мец Кантон Арс-сюр-Мозель Код INSEE 57254 Поштові індекси 57680 Координати 49°03′17″ пн. ш. 5°59′59″ сх. д.H G O Висота 169 - 356 м.н.р.м. Площа 17,94 км² Населення 1155 (01-2020[1]) Густота 67,61 ос./км² Розміщенн
Diamond Dallas PagePage in 2016LahirPage Joseph Falkinburg Jr.05 April 1956 (umur 67)[1]Point Pleasant, New Jersey, U.S.[1]Pekerjaan Professional wrestler actor wrestling manager fitness instructor Tahun aktif1988–1991 (wrestling manager)1991–2020 (wrestler)1999–present (actor)2012–present (fitness instructor)Suami/istriKimberly Page (m. 1991; c. 2005)Brenda Nair (m. 2015; ...
Araruama Nome Araruama Futebol Clube Mascote Arara Fundação 06 de fevereiro de 2016 (7 anos) Estádio Lourival Gomes Capacidade 1 800 [1] Localização Araruama, Brasil Presidente Álvaro Michele ConteFernando Capitão MorVithor Nametala Treinador(a) Silvestre dos Anjos Patrocinador(a) Polati Material (d)esportivo Icone Sports Competição Campeonato Carioca - Série A2 Website araruamafc.com.br Uniformetitular Uniformealternativo Araruama Futebol Clube, mais conhecida como Ar...
Battle of the American Civil War Fight at Monterey Pass (Gap)Part of the American Civil WarRetreat from the Battle of GettysburgDateJuly 4–5, 1863LocationMonterey Pass, Franklin County, PennsylvaniaResult Union victoryBelligerents USA (Union) CSA (Confederacy)Commanders and leaders Judson Kilpatrick William E. Grumble JonesBeverly H. RobertsonStrength 4,500[1] wagon train, cavalry escortCasualties and losses 43 (5 killed, 10 wounded, 28 missing)[2] 1,300 capturedvteGetty...
Українська Апостольська Православна Церква Засновники арх. Михайло (Дуткевич)Самостійність проголошена 2001 самопроголошенаСамостійність визнана не визнанаЧинний предстоятель митр. Стефан (Негребецький)Центр Київ, УкраїнаКафедральний собор невідомоОсновна юрисдикці...
Jean ClottesJean Clottes (2008)FonctionsConservateur général du patrimoinePrésidentSociété préhistorique françaiseBiographieNaissance 8 juillet 1933 (90 ans)EspérazaNationalité FranceDomicile FranceFormation Université de ToulouseActivités Historien de l’art, archéologue, anthropologue, pariétalisteConjoint Renée CaussanelEnfant Isabelle Pébay-Clottes (d)Autres informationsA travaillé pour Ministère de la CultureMembre de Société préhistorique françaiseDistinctions...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2022) سميح عبدالفتاح اسكندر جمعية الكشاف والمرشدات الأردنية معلومات شخصية مواطنة الأردن الجوائز وسام الذئب البرونزي (1995)[1] تعديل مصدري - تعديل ...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2021) مكتبة تطبيقات هيئة الخدمات الصحيّة الوطنية هي عبارة عن مجموعة من الأدوات والتطبيقات عبر الإنترنت التي تتعلق بالصحة وتتوفر للأجهزة التي تستخدم عادةً أنظمة ت
سلطان المغرب الـ 19 من العلويين مولاي عبد الحفيظ سلطان المغرب الـ 19 من العلويين فترة الحكم12 أغسطس 1908 إلى 12 أغسطس 1912 معلومات شخصية الميلاد 24 فبراير 1876فاس، المغرب الوفاة 4 أبريل 1937 (61 سنة)إغيل ليبا، فرنسا مواطنة المغرب الأب الحسن الأول بن محمد إخوة وأخوات يوسف بن الحسن، ...
مسيه 11 بيانات المراقبة الكوكبة الترس البعد 6200 سنة ضوئية (1900 فرسخ فلكي) القدر الظاهري (V) 6.3+ النوع عنقود نجمي مفتوح سرعة شعاعية 34.90 كيلومتر في الثانية[1]، و31.7 كيلومتر في الثانية[2] معدنية (فلك) 0.17±0.04 = [Fe/H] العمر المقدر 200 مليون سنة تسميات أخرى مسييه 11 NGC 6705 , Cr 391 , M...
Чарты Billboard — хит-парады музыкальных релизов различных направлений, формируемые Billboard на основе статистических данных о продажах, радиоротации и некоторых других параметров в зависимости от характера музыкального хит-парада. Первый музыкальный хит-парад Billboard появи�...
Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Rewe (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt. Rewe Markt GmbH Logo Rechtsform GmbH Gründung 1927 Sitz Köln, Deutschland Deutschland Leitung Daniela Büchel, Christoph Eltze, Peter Maly und Telerik Schischmanow[1] Mitarbeiterzahl über 161.000[2] Umsatz 23,8 Mrd. Euro Branche Einzelhandel Website rewe.de Stand: 2018 Rewe (Eigenschreibweise auch: REWE; Ableitung von Revisionsverband der Westkauf-Genossenschaf...
KotanopanKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan KotanopanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenMandailing NatalPemerintahan • CamatPangeran Hidayat, S.H.Populasi (2017) • Total28.469 jiwaKode pos22994Kode Kemendagri12.13.08 Kode BPS1202030 Luas325,14 km²Desa/kelurahan35/2 Wisma pemerintah di Kotanopan Kotanopan adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Desa/Kelurahan Kel. Pasar Kotanopan Kel. Tamiang Batahan Botung Ga...
2019 single by Birds of TokyoThe Greatest MistakesSingle by Birds of Tokyofrom the album Human Design Released16 August 2019 (2019-08-16)Length2:36LabelBirds of Tokyo, EMISongwriter(s)Ian Kenny Adam Spark Adam Weston Ian Berney Glenn Sarangapany [1] Birds of Tokyo singles chronology Good Lord (2019) The Greatest Mistakes (2019) Two of Us (2020) The Greatest Mistakes is a song by Australian alternative rock band Birds of Tokyo and is the third single from their sixth stu...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أغسطس 2019) هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسي...
القط ذو القبعة The Cat in the Hat معلومات الكتاب المؤلف دكتور سوس البلد الولايات المتحدة اللغة الإنجليزية الناشر شركة راندوم هاوس للنشر تاريخ النشر 12 من مارس 1957 (تجديد 1985) النوع الأدبي أدب الأطفال التقديم نوع الطباعة كتب ورقية , كتاب إلكتروني عدد الأجزاء 1 عدد الصفحات 61 الم...
Public university in Bangladesh This article contains too many pictures for its overall length. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please improve this article by removing indiscriminate collections of images or adjusting images that are sandwiching text in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Jahangirnagar Universityজাহাঙ্গীরনগর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়Fo...
Governing board of the University of California Regents of the University of CaliforniaSeal of the University of CaliforniaGoverning board overviewFormedJune 18, 1868 (1868-06-18)[1][2]TypeState university system governing boardJurisdictionUniversity of California systemHeadquartersOakland, California, United StatesAnnual budget$47.1 billion (2022–2023)[3]Governing board executivesGavin Newsom, President and Governor of CaliforniaRichard Leib, ChairGar...