Asgard (Archaea)

Asgard
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Proteoarchaeota
Superphylum: Asgard
Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka [Wikidata], et al. 2017
Phyla

see text

Synonyms
  • "Asgardarchaeota" Violette Da Cunha et al. 2017
  • "Asgardaeota" Whitman 2018
  • "Eukaryomorpha" Fournier & Poole 2018[1]
  • Promethearchaeati Imachi et al. 2024
  • Promethearchaeota Imachi et al. 2024

Asgard or Asgardarchaeota[2] is a proposed superphylum belonging to the domain Archaea that contain eukaryotic signature proteins.[3] It appears that the eukaryotes, the domain that contains the animals, plants, and fungi, emerged within the Asgard,[4] in a branch containing the Heimdallarchaeota.[5] This supports the two-domain system of classification over the three-domain system.[6][7]

After including the kingdom category into ICNP, the only validly published name of this group is kingdom Promethearchaeati, containing only one phylum Promethearchaeota. All formerly proposed "phyla" would be de-ranked to classes in this framework.[8]

Discovery and nomenclature

In the summer of 2010, sediments were analysed from a gravity core taken in the rift valley on the Knipovich ridge in the Arctic Ocean, near the Loki's Castle hydrothermal vent site. Specific sediment horizons previously shown to contain high abundances of novel archaeal lineages were subjected to metagenomic analysis.[9][10] In 2015, an Uppsala University-led team proposed the Lokiarchaeota phylum based on phylogenetic analyses using a set of highly conserved protein-coding genes.[11] The group was named for the shape-shifting Norse god Loki, in an allusion to the hydrothermal vent complex from which the first genome sample originated.[12] The Loki of mythology has been described as "a staggeringly complex, confusing, and ambivalent figure who has been the catalyst of countless unresolved scholarly controversies",[13] analogous to the role of Lokiarchaeota in the debates about the origin of eukaryotes.[11][14]

In 2016, a University of Texas-led team discovered Thorarchaeota from samples taken from the White Oak River in North Carolina, named in reference to Thor, another Norse god.[15] Samples from Loki's Castle, Yellowstone National Park, Aarhus Bay, an aquifer near the Colorado River, New Zealand's Radiata Pool, hydrothermal vents near Taketomi Island, Japan, and the White Oak River estuary in the United States contained Odinarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota;[3] following the Norse deity naming convention, these groups were named for Odin and Heimdall respectively. Researchers therefore named the superphylum containing these microbes "Asgard", after the home of the gods in Norse mythology.[3] Two Lokiarchaeota specimens have been cultured, enabling a detailed insight into their morphology.[16]

Description

Proteins

Asgard members encode many eukaryotic signature proteins, including novel GTPases, membrane-remodelling proteins like ESCRT and SNF7, a ubiquitin modifier system, and N-glycosylation pathway homologs.[3]

Asgard archaeons have a regulated actin cytoskeleton, and the profilins and gelsolins they use can interact with eukaryotic actins.[17][18] In addition, Asgard archaea tubulin from hydrothermal-living Odinarchaeota (OdinTubulin) was identified as a genuine tubulin. OdinTubulin forms protomers and protofilaments most similar to eukaryotic microtubules, yet assembles into ring systems more similar to FtsZ, indicating that OdinTubulin may represent an evolution intermediate between FtsZ and microtubule-forming tubulins.[19] They also seem to form vesicles under cryogenic electron microscopy. Some may have a PKD domain S-layer.[20] They also share the three-way ES39 expansion in LSU rRNA with eukaryotes.[21] Gene clusters or operons encoding ribosomal proteins are often less conserved in their organization in the Asgard group than in other Archaea, suggesting that the order of ribosomal protein coding genes may follow the phylogeny.[22]

Metabolism

  • Metabolic pathways of Asgard archaea, varying by phyla[23]
    Metabolic pathways of Asgard archaea, varying by phyla[23]
  • Metabolic pathways of Asgard archaea, varying by environment[23]
    Metabolic pathways of Asgard archaea, varying by environment[23]

Asgard archaea are generally obligate anaerobes, though Kariarchaeota, Gerdarchaeota and Hodarchaeota may be facultative aerobes.[24] They have a Wood–Ljungdahl pathway and perform glycolysis. Members can be autotrophs, heterotrophs, or phototrophs using heliorhodopsin.[23] One member, Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum, is syntrophic with a sulfur-reducing proteobacteria and a methanogenic archaea.[20]

The RuBisCO they have is not carbon-fixing, but likely used for nucleoside salvaging.[23]

Ecology

Asgard are widely distributed around the world, both geographically and by habitat. Many of the known clades are restricted to sediments, whereas Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota and another clade occupy many different habitats. Salinity and depth are important ecological drivers for most Asgard archaea. Other habitats include the bodies of animals, the rhizosphere of plants, non-saline sediments and soils, the sea surface, and freshwater. In addition, Asgard are associated with several other microorganisms.[25]

Eukaryote-like features in subdivisions

The phylum Heimdallarchaeota was found in 2017 to have N-terminal core histone tails, a feature previously thought to be exclusively eukaryotic. Two other archaeal phyla, both outside of Asgard, were found to also have tails in 2018.[26]

In January 2020, scientists found Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum, a member of the Lokiarcheota, engaging in cross-feeding with two bacterial species. Drawing an analogy to symbiogenesis, they consider this relationship a possible link between the simple prokaryotic microorganisms and the complex eukaryotic microorganisms occurring approximately two billion years ago.[27][20]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of the Asgard archaea have been studied by several teams in the 21st century.[5][4][28][24] Varying results have been obtained, for instance using 53 marker proteins from the Genome Taxonomy Database.[29][30][31] In 2023, Eme, Tamarit, Caceres and colleagues reported that the Eukaryota are deep within Asgard, as sister of Hodarchaeales within the Heimdallarchaeota.[32]


Eme et al. 2023[32] 09-RS220 (24 April 2024)[29][30][31]
Proteoarchaeota
Thermoproteati

Thermoproteota (TACK)

Promethearchaeati:

"Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B)

"Njordarchaeia"

"Odinarchaeia"

"Jordarchaeia"
"Jordarchaeales"

"Freyrarchaeaceae"

"Jordarchaeaceae"

"Baldrarchaeia"

"Hermodarchaeia"

Promethearchaeia

"Helarchaeales"

Promethearchaeales

"Sigynarchaeaceae"

Promethearchaeaceae
["Lokiarchaeaceae"]

"Sifarchaeia"

"Sifarchaeales"

"Borrarchaeales"

"Wukongarchaeia"

"Heimdallarchaeia"

"Hodarchaeales"

"Gerdarchaeales" (JABLTI01)

"Kariarchaeales"

"Heimdallarchaeales"

Promethearchaeota

Taxonomy

Further information: Eukaryogenesis
In the theory of symbiogenesis, a merger of an archaean and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic mitochondria; a second merger added chloroplasts, creating the green plants.[33]

In the depicted scenario, the Eukaryota are deep in the tree of Asgard. A favored scenario is syntrophy, where one organism depends on the feeding of the other. An α-proteobacterium was incorporated to become the mitochondrion.[34] In culture, extant Asgard archaea form various syntrophic dependencies.[35] Gregory Fournier and Anthony Poole have proposed that Asgard is part of "the Eukaryote tree", forming a superphylum they call "Eukaryomorpha" defined by "shared derived characters" (eukaryote signature proteins).[36]

The taxonomy is uncertain and the phylum names are therefore somewhat speculative. The list of phyla is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[37] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[38]

Genomic elements

Viruses

Several family-level groups of viruses associated with Asgard archaea have been discovered using metagenomics.[39][40][41] The viruses were assigned to Lokiarchaeia, Thorarchaeia, Odinarchaeia and Helarchaeia hosts using CRISPR spacer matching to the corresponding protospacers within the viral genomes. Two groups of viruses (called 'verdandiviruses') are related to archaeal and bacterial viruses of the class Caudoviricetes, i.e., viruses with icosahedral capsids and helical tails;[39][41] two other distinct groups (called 'skuldviruses') are distantly related to tailless archaeal and bacterial viruses with icosahedral capsids of the realm Varidnaviria;[39][40] and the third group of viruses (called wyrdviruses) is related to archaea-specific viruses with lemon-shaped virus particles (family Halspiviridae).[39][40] The viruses have been identified in deep-sea sediments[39][41] and a terrestrial hot spring of the Yellowstone National Park.[40] All these viruses display very low sequence similarity to other known viruses but are generally related to the previously described prokaryotic viruses,[42] with no meaningful affinity to viruses of eukaryotes.[43][39]

Mobile genetic elements

In addition to viruses, several groups of cryptic mobile genetic elements have been discovered through CRISPR spacer matching to be associated with Asgard archaea of the Lokiarchaeia, Thorarchaeia and Heimdallarchaeota lineages.[39][44] These mobile elements do not encode recognizable viral hallmark proteins and could represent either novel types of viruses or plasmids.

See also

References

  1. ^ Fournier, G.P.; Poole, A.M. (2018). "A Briefly Argued Case That Asgard Archaea Are Part of the Eukaryote Tree". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1896. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01896. PMC 6104171. PMID 30158917.
  2. ^ Da Cunha, Violette; Gaia, Morgan; Gadelle, Daniele; et al. (June 2017). "Lokiarchaea are close relatives of Euryarchaeota, not bridging the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes". PLOS Genetics. 13 (6): e1006810. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006810. PMC 5484517. PMID 28604769.
  3. ^ a b c d Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka, Katarzyna; Caceres, Eva F.; Saw, Jimmy H.; et al. (January 2017). "Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity". Nature. 541 (7637): 353–358. Bibcode:2017Natur.541..353Z. doi:10.1038/nature21031. OSTI 1580084. PMID 28077874. S2CID 4458094.
  4. ^ a b Eme, Laura; Spang, Anja; Lombard, Jonathan; Stairs, Courtney W.; Ettema, Thijs J. G. (November 2017). "Archaea and the origin of eukaryotes". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 15 (12): 711–723. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.133. PMID 29123225. S2CID 8666687.
  5. ^ a b Williams, Tom A.; Cox, Cymon J.; Foster, Peter G.; Szöllősi, Gergely J.; Embley, T. Martin (January 2020). "Phylogenomics provides robust support for a two-domains tree of life". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 138–147. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1040-x. PMC 6942926. PMID 31819234.
  6. ^ Nobs, Stephanie-Jane; MacLeod, Fraser I.; Wong, Hon Lun; Burns, Brendan P. (May 2022). "Eukarya the chimera: eukaryotes, a secondary innovation of the two domains of life?". Trends in Microbiology. 30 (5): 421–431. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.003. PMID 34863611. S2CID 244823103.
  7. ^ Doolittle, W. Ford (February 2020). "Evolution: Two Domains of Life or Three?". Current Biology. 30 (4): R177 – R179. Bibcode:2020CBio...30.R177D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.010. PMID 32097647.
  8. ^ Imachi, Hiroyuki; Nobu, Masaru K.; Kato, Shingo; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Miyazaki, Masayuki; Miyata, Makoto; Ogawara, Miyuki; Saito, Yumi; Sakai, Sanae; Tahara, Yuhei O.; Takano, Yoshinori; Tasumi, Eiji; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Yoshimura, Toshihiro; Itoh, Takashi; Ohkuma, Moriya; Takai, Ken (5 July 2024). "Promethearchaeum syntrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, obligately syntrophic archaeon, the first isolate of the lineage 'Asgard' archaea, and proposal of the new archaeal phylum Promethearchaeota phyl. nov. and kingdom Promethearchaeati regn. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (7). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006435.
  9. ^ Jørgensen, Steffen Leth; Hannisdal, Bjarte; Lanzen, Anders; et al. (October 2012). "Correlating microbial community profiles with geochemical data in highly stratified sediments from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge". PNAS. 109 (42): E2846 – E2855. doi:10.1073/pnas.1207574109. PMC 3479504. PMID 23027979.
  10. ^ Jørgensen, Steffen Leth; Thorseth, Ingunn H.; Pedersen, Rolf B.; et al. (October 4, 2013). "Quantitative and phylogenetic study of the Deep Sea Archaeal Group in sediments of the Arctic mid-ocean spreading ridge". Frontiers in Microbiology. 4: 299. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00299. PMC 3790079. PMID 24109477.
  11. ^ a b Spang, Anja; Saw, Jimmy H.; Jørgensen, Steffen L.; et al. (May 2015). "Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes". Nature. 521 (7551): 173–179. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..173S. doi:10.1038/nature14447. PMC 4444528. PMID 25945739.
  12. ^ Yong, Ed. "Break in the Search for the Origin of Complex Life". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  13. ^ von Schnurbein, Stefanie (November 2000). "The Function of Loki in Snorri Sturluson's "Edda"". History of Religions. 40 (2): 109–124. doi:10.1086/463618.
  14. ^ Spang, Anja; Eme, Laura; Saw, Jimmy H.; et al. (March 2018). "Asgard archaea are the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes". PLOS Genetics. 14 (3): e1007080. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007080. PMC 5875740. PMID 29596421.
  15. ^ Seitz, Kiley W.; Lazar, Cassandre S.; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; et al. (July 2016). "Genomic reconstruction of a novel, deeply branched sediment archaeal phylum with pathways for acetogenesis and sulfur reduction". The ISME Journal. 10 (7): 1696–1705. Bibcode:2016ISMEJ..10.1696S. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.233. PMC 4918440. PMID 26824177.
  16. ^ Rodrigues-Oliveira, Thiago; Wollweber, Florian; Ponce-Toledo, Rafael I.; et al. (2023-01-12). "Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaeon". Nature. 613 (7943): 332–339. Bibcode:2023Natur.613..332R. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 9834061. PMID 36544020.
  17. ^ Akıl, Caner; Robinson, Robert C. (October 2018). "Genomes of Asgard archaea encode profilins that regulate actin". Nature. 562 (7727): 439–443. Bibcode:2018Natur.562..439A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0548-6. PMID 30283132. S2CID 52917038.
  18. ^ Akıl, Caner; Tran, Linh T.; Orhant-Prioux, Magali; Baskaran, Yohendran; Manser, Edward; Blanchoin, Laurent; Robinson, Robert C. (August 2020). "Insights into the evolution of regulated actin dynamics via characterization of primitive gelsolin/cofilin proteins from Asgard archaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (33): 19904–19913. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11719904A. bioRxiv 10.1101/768580. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009167117. PMC 7444086. PMID 32747565.
  19. ^ Akıl, Caner; Ali, Samson; Tran, Linh T.; et al. (March 2022). "Structure and dynamics of Odinarchaeota tubulin and the implications for eukaryotic microtubule evolution". Science Advances. 8 (12): eabm2225. Bibcode:2022SciA....8M2225A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2225. PMC 8956254. PMID 35333570.
  20. ^ a b c Imachi, Hiroyuki; Nobu, Masaru K.; Nakahara, Nozomi; et al. (January 2020). "Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote-eukaryote interface". Nature. 577 (7791): 519–525. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..519I. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1916-6. PMC 7015854. PMID 31942073.
  21. ^ Penev, Petar I.; Fakhretaha-Aval, Sara; Patel, Vaishnavi J.; et al. (October 2020). "Supersized Ribosomal RNA Expansion Segments in Asgard Archaea". Genome Biology and Evolution. 12 (10): 1694–1710. doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa170. PMC 7594248. PMID 32785681.
  22. ^ Tirumalai, Madhan R.; Raghavan, Sivaraman V.; Kutty, Layla A.; Song, Eric L.; Fox, George E. (October 2023). "Ribosomal Protein Cluster Organization in Asgard Archaea". Archaea. 2023: 16. doi:10.1155/2023/5512414. PMC 10833476. PMID 38314098.
  23. ^ a b c d MacLeod, Fraser; Kindler, Gareth S.; Wong, Hon Lun; Chen, Ray; Burns, Brendan P. (2019). "Asgard archaea: Diversity, function, and evolutionary implications in a range of microbiomes". AIMS Microbiology. 5 (1): 48–61. doi:10.3934/microbiol.2019.1.48. PMC 6646929. PMID 31384702.
  24. ^ a b Liu, Yang; Makarova, Kira S.; Huang, Wen-Cong; et al. (2020). "Expanding diversity of Asgard archaea and the elusive ancestry of eukaryotes". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.343400. S2CID 225056970.
  25. ^ Cai, Mingwei; Richter-Heitmann, Tim; Yin, Xiuran; et al. (2021). "Ecological features and global distribution of Asgard archaea". Science of the Total Environment. 758: 143581. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.75843581C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143581. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 33223169. S2CID 227134171.
  26. ^ Henneman, Bram; van Emmerik, Clara; van Ingen, Hugo; Dame, Remus T. (September 2018). "Structure and function of archaeal histones". PLOS Genetics. 14 (9): e1007582. Bibcode:2018BpJ...114..446H. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007582. PMC 6136690. PMID 30212449.
  27. ^ Zimmer, Carl (15 January 2020). "This Strange Microbe May Mark One of Life's Great Leaps - A organism living in ocean muck offers clues to the origins of the complex cells of all animals and plants". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  28. ^ Liu, Yang; Makarova, Kira S.; Huang, Wen-Cong; Wolf, Yuri I.; Nikolskaya, Anastasia; Zhang, Xinxu; et al. (May 2021). "Expanded diversity of Asgard archaea and their relationships with eukaryotes". Nature. 593 (7860): 553–557. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..553L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03494-3. PMC 11165668. PMID 33911286. S2CID 233447651.
  29. ^ a b "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  30. ^ a b "ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  31. ^ a b "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  32. ^ a b Eme, Laura; Tamarit, Daniel; Caceres, Eva F.; et al. (2023-06-14). "Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes". Nature. 618 (7967): 992–999. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..992E. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2. PMC 10307638. PMID 37316666.
  33. ^ Latorre, A.; Durban, A.; Moya, A.; Pereto, J. (2011). "The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution". In Gargaud, M.; López-Garcìa, P.; Martin H. (eds.). Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–339. ISBN 978-0-521-76131-4. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  34. ^ López-García, Purificación; Moreira, David (July 2019). "Eukaryogenesis, a syntrophy affair". Nature Microbiology. 4 (7): 1068–1070. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0495-5. PMC 6684364. PMID 31222170.
  35. ^ Rodrigues-Oliveira, Thiago; Wollweber, Florian; Ponce-Toledo, Rafael I.; Xu, Jingwei; Rittmann, Simon K.-M. R.; Klingl, Andreas; Pilhofer, Martin; Schleper, Christa (January 2023). "Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaeon". Nature. 613 (7943): 332–339. Bibcode:2023Natur.613..332R. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05550-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9834061. PMID 36544020.
  36. ^ Fournier, Gregory P.; Poole, Anthony M. (2018-08-15). "A Briefly Argued Case That Asgard Archaea Are Part of the Eukaryote Tree". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1896. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01896. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6104171. PMID 30158917.
  37. ^ Euzéby, J.P. "Superphylum "Asgardarchaeota"". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  38. ^ "Asgard group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g Medvedeva, S.; Sun, J.; Yutin, N.; Koonin, Eugene V.; Nunoura, T.; Rinke, C.; Krupovic, M. (July 2022). "Three families of Asgard archaeal viruses identified in metagenome-assembled genomes". Nature Microbiology. 7 (7): 962–973. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01144-6. PMC 11165672. PMID 35760839. S2CID 250091635.
  40. ^ a b c d Tamarit, D.; Caceres, E.F.; Krupovic, M.; Nijland, R.; Eme, L.; Robinson, N.P.; Ettema, T.J.G. (July 2022). "A closed Candidatus Odinarchaeum chromosome exposes Asgard archaeal viruses". Nature Microbiology. 7 (7): 948–952. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01122-y. PMC 9246712. PMID 35760836. S2CID 250090798.
  41. ^ a b c Rambo, I.M.; Langwig, M.V.; Leão, P.; De Anda, V.; Baker, B.J. (July 2022). "Genomes of six viruses that infect Asgard archaea from deep-sea sediments". Nature Microbiology. 7 (7): 953–961. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01150-8. PMID 35760837.
  42. ^ Prangishvili, D.; Bamford, D.H.; Forterre, P.; Iranzo, J.; Koonin, Eugene V.; Krupovic, M. (November 2017). "The enigmatic archaeal virosphere". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 15 (12): 724–739. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.125. PMID 29123227. S2CID 21789564.
  43. ^ Alarcón-Schumacher, T.; Erdmann, S. (July 2022). "A trove of Asgard archaeal viruses". Nature Microbiology. 7 (7): 931–932. doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01148-2. PMID 35760838. S2CID 250091028.
  44. ^ Wu, F.; Speth, D.R.; Philosof, A.; et al. (February 2022). "Unique mobile elements and scalable gene flow at the prokaryote-eukaryote boundary revealed by circularized Asgard archaea genomes". Nature Microbiology. 7 (2): 200–212. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-01039-y. PMC 8813620. PMID 35027677.

Read other articles:

Angry Birds (permainan video)

Angry Birds Logo Angry Birds yang diperbarui sejak 2013PublikasiDecember 11, 2009 (iOS)[1]October 2010 (Android)June 2011 (Windows Phone)GenrePuzzle, StrategiLatar tempatAngry Birds universe (en) Karakteristik teknisSistem operasiAndroid dan iOS PlatformWindows Phone, Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, BlackBerry 10 (en), BlackBerry Tablet OS, Samsung bada, Facebook, Roku (en), Samsung Electronics, Wii, Wii U, HTML5, Kindle Fire, Nook Color (en), Tizen, WebGL, Google+, Google Chrome, Symbi...

 

Triumph Thunderbird

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang sepeda motor Triumph tahun 1950 Triumph. Untuk sepeda motor Triumph lainnya yang menggunakan nama yang sama, lihat Triumph Thunderbird (disambiguasi). Triumph Thunderbird Triumph 6T Thunderbird 1950ProdusenTriumph Engineering Co LtdJuga disebut6T, TR65Tahun Produksi1949–1966Model sebelumnyaSpeed TwinMesinEmpat tak 2 silinder segarisDaya kuda34 bhp (25 kW) at 6300 rpmSistem transmisiEmpat percepatanJarak sumbu roda55 in (1.397 mm)Di...

 

Union populaire républicaine (2007)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Union populaire républicaine et UPR. Union populaire républicaine Logotype officiel. Présentation Président François Asselineau Fondation 25 mars 2007 Scission dans Génération Frexit Siège 28, rue Basfroi75011 Paris Adhérents 12 718[a] (2020)[1],[2] Secrétaire général Benjamin Nart Trésorière Catherine Lassenay Slogan « L'union du peuple pour rétablir la démocratie » Symbole Rameau d'olivier[3] Positionnement Attrape-tout[4],...

Brachymeles muntingkamay

Brachymeles muntingkamay Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN199786 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasReptiliaOrdoSquamataFamiliScincidaeGenusBrachymelesSpesiesBrachymeles muntingkamay Siler, Edmund Leo B. Rico, Mariano R. Duya dan Brown, 2009 lbs Caraballo Mountains loam-swimming skink (Brachymeles muntingkamay) adalah sebuah spesies skink yang menjadi endemik di Filipina. Spesies tersebut pertama kali dideskripsikan oleh Cameron D. Siler, Edmund Leo B. Rico, Mariano Roy Duya dan Rafe...

 

Unione Sportiva Foggia 1950-1951

Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Foggia. Unione Sportiva FoggiaStagione 1950-1951Sport calcio Squadra Foggia Allenatore Vincenzo Marsico Presidente Ferdinando Nardella Serie C2º posto nel girone D. 1949-1950 1951-1952 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Unione Sportiva Foggia nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1950-1951. Rosa N. Ruolo Calciatore P Antonio Bisson A Giovanni Bratta C Marino Brenco D Luigi Buin A Marino Di Fo...

 

The Bridge (novel)

1986 novel by Iain Banks The Bridge First editionAuthorIain BanksCover artistPhilip Mann ACECountryScotlandLanguageEnglishPublisherMacmillan PublishersPublication date1986Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages256 ppISBN0-06-105358-9OCLC36103885Dewey Decimal823/.914 21LC ClassPR6052.A485 B75 1997 The Bridge is a novel by Scottish author Iain Banks. It was published in 1986. The book switches between three protagonists, John Orr, Alex, and the Barbarian. It is an unconve...

Que mon cœur lâche

Que mon cœur lâche Logo de la pochette du single. Single de Mylène Farmerextrait de l'album Dance Remixes Sortie 16 novembre 1992 Durée 4:05 Genre Pop, Variété française Format 45 tours, Maxi 45 tours, CD Single, Cassette Auteur Mylène Farmer Compositeur Laurent Boutonnat Label Polydor, Toutankhamon Singles de Mylène Farmer Beyond My Control(1992) XXL(1995)modifier Que mon cœur lâche est une chanson de Mylène Farmer, sortie en single le 16 novembre 1992. Ce titre, dont ...

 

Avery Brundage

President of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972 Avery BrundageBrundage in 19645th President of the International Olympic CommitteeIn officeAugust 15, 1952 – September 11, 1972Preceded bySigfrid EdströmSucceeded byLord KillaninLife Honorary President of the IOCIn officeSeptember 11, 1972 – May 8, 1975Preceded byVacant, last held by Sigfrid Edström (1964)Succeeded byVacant, next held by Lord Killanin (1980)First Vice President of the IOCIn office19...

 

Michael Gordon (film director)

American theater and film director For other people with the same name, see Michael Gordon (disambiguation). Michael GordonGordon in 1949BornIrving Kunin Gordon[1](1909-09-06)September 6, 1909Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.DiedApril 29, 1993(1993-04-29) (aged 83)Century City, Los Angeles, California, U.S.SpouseElizabeth CohnRelativesJoseph Gordon-Levitt (grandson) Michael Gordon (born Irving Kunin Gordon; September 6, 1909 – April 29, 1993) was an American stage actor and stage a...

Krementchouk

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mars 2009). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Comm...

 

Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана

Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана Штаб-квартира Баку, ул. С. Ахундова, AZ 1115 Локация  Азербайджан Тип организации Космическое агентство Руководители Директор: Натиг Джавадов Первый заместитель генерального директора Тофик Сулейманов Основание Осн�...

 

أمينوفيلين

أمينوفيلين الاسم النظامي 1,3-dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione; ethane-1,2-diamine تداخل دوائي إريثروميسين،  وكلاريثروميسين،  وفلوكونازول،  وبنتوكسيفيلين،  وبنتوكسيفيلين،  وبنتوكسيفيلين،  وبنتوكسيفيلين،  ونورفلوكساسين،  ونورفلوكساسين،  ونورفلوكساسين،  ونورفلوكساسين، &...

Dixieland, California

Unincorporated community in California, United States For any other use, see Dixieland (disambiguation). 32°47′27″N 115°46′13″W / 32.79083°N 115.77028°W / 32.79083; -115.77028 Unincorporated community in California, United StatesDixielandUnincorporated communityDixieland was a stop on the San Diego and Arizona Railroad c. 1915DixielandLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaDixielandDixieland (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordin...

 

J. Robert Oppenheimer

American theoretical physicist (1904–1967) Oppenheimer redirects here. For the 2023 film, see Oppenheimer (film). For other uses, see Oppenheimer (disambiguation). J. Robert OppenheimerOppenheimer in 1944BornJulius Robert Oppenheimer(1904-04-22)April 22, 1904New York City, New York, U.S.DiedFebruary 18, 1967(1967-02-18) (aged 62)Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.Education Harvard University (AB) Christ's College, Cambridge University of Göttingen (PhD) Known for Atomic bomb Oppenheimer�...

 

Linenhall Arts Centre

Municipal building in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland Linenhall Arts CentreIonad Ealaíon Halla an LínéadaighLinenhall Arts CentreLinenhall Arts CentreLocation within IrelandGeneral informationArchitectural styleItalianate styleAddressLinenhall Street, CastlebarCountryIrelandCoordinates53°51′29″N 9°17′51″W / 53.8581°N 9.2975°W / 53.8581; -9.2975Completed1790 Linenhall Arts Centre (Irish: Ionad Ealaíon Halla an Línéadaigh), formerly Castlebar Town Hall ...

Blood Feud (1983 film)

American TV series or program Blood FeudPromotional imageScreenplay byRobert BorisDirected byMike NewellStarringRobert BlakeCotter SmithTheme music composerFred SteinerCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducersJoel GlickmanDaniel SelznickProduction locations20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, CaliforniaEditorJohn FarrellRunning time210 minutesProduction company20th Century Fox TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkSyndicationRelea...

 

Danny Tenaglia

Italian American DJ and record producer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find so...

 

New Zealand place names

Overview of place names in New Zealand Captain James Cook's map of New Zealand, showing a mixture of Māori names and names Cook bestowed himself Most New Zealand place names have a Māori or a British origin. Both groups used names to commemorate notable people, events, places from their homeland, and their ships, or to describe the surrounding area. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole of New Zealand before the arrival of Europeans, but post-colonisation the name Aotearoa (...

Julio Verne

Para otros usos de este término, véase Julio Verne (desambiguación). Julio Verne Julio Verne en 1878Información personalNombre de nacimiento Jules Gabriel Verne Nacimiento 8 de febrero de 1828Nantes, Reino de FranciaFallecimiento 24 de marzo de 1905 (77 años)Amiens, FranciaSepultura Cimetière de La Madeleine d'Amiens Residencia Nantes, París y Amiens Nacionalidad FrancésReligión Catolicismo Lengua materna Francés FamiliaPadres Pierre Gabriel Verne Sophie Allotte de La Fuye Có...

 

Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden

Grand Duke of Baden from 1907 to 1918 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (August 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-tr...