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Andreas Krieger (born 20 July 1965^[1]) is a German former shot putter who competed on the women's East German athletics team at SC Dynamo Berlin as Heidi Krieger.

He was systematically and unknowingly doped with anabolic steroids for years by East German officials,^[2] which caused body chemistry issues. Being a trans man, Krieger subsequently underwent gender affirmation surgery. Krieger says that, while he did experience gender dysphoria before being doped,^[3] he regretted not being able to transition without the doping abuses.

Athletics career

At the 1986 European Championships in Athletics, Krieger won the gold medal in the shot put event after putting the shot at 21.10 m (69 ft 3 in). Krieger retired in 1991.^[4]

Doping

Krieger was systematically doped with steroids from the age of 16 onward. According to Werner Franke and Brigitte Berendonk's 1991 book, Doping: From Research to Deceit, Krieger took almost 2,600 milligrams of steroids in 1986;^[5] nearly 1,000 milligrams more than Ben Johnson took during the 1988 Summer Olympics.

As early as the age of 18, Krieger began developing visibly male characteristics. Eventually, years of doping left him with many masculine traits. By 1997, at the age of 31, Krieger underwent sex reassignment surgery and changed his name to Andreas.^[3] Krieger had "felt out of place and longed in some vague way to be a boy", and said in a 2004 interview in The New York Times that he was "glad that he became a man". However, he felt that receiving hormones without his consent deprived him of the right to "find out for myself which sex I wanted to be."^[3] Krieger's sex change operation dominated Germany's news headlines and focused widespread attention on the legacy of doping in East Germany, leading other former athletes to speak out in public for the first time.

Krieger gave evidence at the trial of Manfred Ewald, leader of the East German sports programme and president of the East German Olympic committee and Manfred Höppner, East German medical director in Berlin in 2000. Both Ewald and Höppner were convicted of accessory to the "intentional bodily harm of athletes, including minors".

Krieger was forced to retire in part due to experiencing severe pain from lifting massive amounts of weight while on steroids. Even today, he has severe pain in his hips and thighs, and can only withstand mild exertion.

The Heidi Krieger Medal (German: Heidi-Krieger-Medaille), named after Krieger, is now awarded annually to Germans who combat doping. Krieger's gold medal from 1986 forms part of the trophy.^[6]

Personal life

Krieger is married to former East German swimmer Ute Krause, who was also a victim of massive doping by East German sports officials.^[7]

Broadcasting

The PBS series Secrets of the Dead featured Krieger in an episode covering the doping of East German athletes by the East German government covered-up by the Stasi.^[8]

In 2008 Ukrainian filmmakers released the documentary Doping. Factory of Champions based on Krieger's story.^{[citation needed]}

Krieger's story was mentioned in the first episode of the BBC documentary The Lost World of Communism.^[9]

Krieger's half-sister through his father's second marriage, Susann Krieger, won the Deutsche Radiopreis 2017 (German Radio Prize) for her feature Gedoptes Gold – Wie aus Heidi Andreas wurde ("Doped Gold – how Heidi became Andreas"), about her brother's life and her reunion with him.^[10]

Notes

^ Andreas Krieger: Heidi's Farthest Throw, retrieved 16 August 2021^{[dead YouTube link]}
^ Harding 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c Longman 2004.
^ Kluge, Volker (2004). Das große Lexikon der DDR-Sportler: Die 1000 erfolgreichsten und populärsten Sportlerinnen und Sportler aus der DDR, ihre Erfolge, Medaillen und Biographien [The big lexicon of the GDR athletes: The 1000 most successful and popular athletes from the GDR, their successes, medals and biographies.] (in German) (2 ed.). Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf Verlag. pp. 314f. ISBN 3-89602-538-4.
^ Berendonk, Brigitte (1991). Doping-Dokumente: von der Forschung zum Betrug. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-93485-8.
^ "Heidi Krieger: The price of victory". INDEPENDENT. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
^ "'The person who pays for everything is the athlete’". The Telegraph. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
^ "Check out this Amazon review of Secrets of the Dead: Doping for Gold". www.amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
^ mdr.de. "MDR KULTUR-Feature gewinnt Deutschen Radiopreis – MDR.DE". Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.