Anarchism in Hong Kong emerged as part of the Chinese anarchist movement, when many anarchists sought refuge from the Qing Empire in the territory. It grew alongside the Chinese revolutionary movement, before the territory again became a safe haven for anarchists, following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. Since then anarchists have formed a part of the Hong Kong opposition movement, first to British colonial rule and then to the rising authoritarianism of the Government of Hong Kong.
History
In 1841, Hong Kong was occupied by the British Empire, which made it into a crown colony. Hong Kong Island was officially ceded by the Qing Empire and the British-held territory was subsequently extended by the First and Second Conventions of Peking. Strikes against the British colonial administration broke out not long after the occupation started and continued throughout the 19th century, with many workers in Hong Kong ceasing their labour and returning to China in protest.[1] Hong Kong also became a stronghold of revolutionary ideas among the Chinese population, now outside of the Qing dominion, where a group of students known as the "Four Bandits" (Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit) openly discussed the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.[2][3] The Bandits, alongside the Chinese anarchist Zhang Renjie, were among the founding members of the Tongmenghui in 1905. Zhang went on to join the Hong Kong branch in 1907, after ensuring the removal of any mention of "heaven" from the organization's oath of allegiance.[4]
Liu Shifu had also moved to Hong Kong in 1906, where he became editor of a local journal. However, after a failed assassination attempt against military commander Li Chun, Liu was imprisoned for three years, only being released because his literature had impressed the local authorities. He returned to Hong Kong in 1909, where he and Chen Jiongming founded the Chinese Assassination Corps, an anarchist militant group dedicated to propaganda of the deed. With the outbreak of the 1911 revolution, Shifu returned to China, where the assassination corps continued their activities.[5]
After the outbreak of the May Thirtieth Movement, the Canton–Hong Kong strike took place, in which Chinese protestors called for a boycott of British Hong Kong and a general strike against the British colonial authorities.[9][10] Around 250,000 Chinese people left the colony for Guangdong,[9] causing the paralysis of Hong Kong's economy.[10] During the strike, Zhang Renjie succeeded the recently deceased Sun Yat-sen as Chairman of the Kuomintang, bringing a distinctly anarchist leadership to the party alongside Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui and Cai Yuanpei. However, Chiang Kai-shek began to rise to power within the Kuomintang and deposed the "Four Elders", marking a shift to the right-wing inside the party. Chiang initiated the Shanghai massacre, during which thousands of leftists were killed, beginning the Chinese Civil War.[11]
In 1969, Hong Kong's student movement began to become disillusioned with the Chinese Communist Party due to the events of the Cultural Revolution and the 1967 Hong Kong riots, with many students at Chu Hai College being attracted to anarchist and Trotskyist tendencies.[13] From this movement and 1970s Hong Kong student protests, a libertarian socialist organization, the 70s Front, emerged. It agitated both against the British colonial administration and the Chinese Communist Party, publishing the Chinese language70s Bi-weekly and the English languageMinus magazines.[14][15] However, ideological conflicts between the Trotskyists and anarchists led to a split in the organization,[16] with many Trotskyists leaving to form the Revolutionary Marxist League.[13] This led to the group's dissolution in the early 1980s.
^L Fu. (2009). From surgeon-apothecary to statesman: Sun Yat-sen at the Hong Kong College of Medicine. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2009; 39:166–72
^Tzu-yu, Feng (1953). "The Master of the Hsin Shih-chi, Chang Chingchiang". An Informal History of the Revolution (in Chinese). Vol. II. Taipei: T'ai-wan Shang-wu Yin-shu Kuan. p. 229. OCLC647145855.
^Shifu, Liu (1927). Shifu wen cun. Ge xin cong shu (in Chinese). Guangzhou: Ge xin shu ju. OCLC1090531991.
^Dingyan Chen, Leslie H. (1999). Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China. Michigan monographs in Chinese studies. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. pp. 142–148. ISBN9781938937071. OCLC1007291359.
^Lau, Kit-ching Chan (1990). China, Britain, and Hong Kong. Chinese University Press. pp. 169–172 – via Google Books.
^Dingyan Chen, Leslie H. (1999). Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China. Michigan monographs in Chinese studies. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. pp. 267–268. ISBN9781938937071. OCLC1007291359.
^ abJens Bangsbo, Thomas Reilly, Mike Hughes. [1995] (1995). Science and Football III: Proceedings of the Third World Congress of Science and Football, Cardiff, Wales, 9–13 April 1995. Taylor & Francis publishing. ISBN0-419-22160-3, ISBN978-0-419-22160-9. p 42-43.
.svg)
