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Amestris
Amestris
Queen consort of the Achaemenid Empire
Died	424 BC
Spouse	Xerxes I
Issue	Darius; Hystaspes; Artaxerxes I; Rhodogune; Amytis
House	Achaemenid
Father	Otanes
Religion	Zoroastrianism

Amestris (Greek: Άμηστρις, Amēstris, perhaps the same as Άμαστρις, Amāstris, from Old Persian Amāstrī-, "strong woman")^[2] was an Achaemenid queen, wife of king Xerxes I and mother of king Artaxerxes I.^[3]^[4]

She was poorly regarded by ancient Greek historians.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Life

Amestris was the daughter of Otanes, one of the seven noblemen reputed to have killed the magus who was impersonating King Bardiya in 522 BC. After this, Darius I the Great of Persia assumed the throne. According to Herodotus, Otanes was honoured with royal marriages. Darius I married Otanes' daughter Phaedymia while Otanes married a sister of Darius, who gave birth to Amestris.

When Darius died in 486 BC, Amestris was married to the crown prince, Xerxes. Herodotus describes Amestris as a cruel despot:

I am informed that Amestris, the wife of Xerxes, when she had grown old, made return for her own life to the god who is said to be beneath the earth by burying twice seven children of Persians who were men of renown.
— Herodotus, Histories 7.114

The origin of this story is unclear, since known records and accounts indicate that human sacrifices were not permitted within the Persian religion. Also since most accounts of the time are from Greek sources, and due to the involvement of Greece as an opponent of Persia, it is possible that not all accounts are accurate.

Circa 478 BC, her son Crown Prince Darius was married to his cousin Artaynte at Sardis. She was the daughter of Xerxes' brother Masistes. At the behest of Xerxes, Artaynte committed adultery with him (Xerxes). When Amestris found out, she did not seek revenge against Artaynte, but against her mother, Masistes' wife, as Amestris thought that it was her connivance. On Xerxes' birthday, Amestris sent for his guards and mutilated Masistes' wife by cutting off her breasts and threw them to dogs, and her nose and ears and lips also, and cutting out her tongue as well. On seeing this, Masistes fled to Bactria to start a revolt, but was intercepted by Xerxes' army who killed him and his sons.^[8]

Amestris outlived Xerxes, remaining active in royal affairs during the long reign of their son Artaxerxes I. She died in early 424 BC, aged nearly ninety, with Artaxerxes himself dying soon after.^[9]^[10]

Genealogy

Hystaspes

Darius I
522–486 BCE

A daughter

Otanes

Masistes

Xerxes I
486–465 BCE

Amestris

Artaynte

Darius

Hystaspes

Artaxerxes I
465–424 BCE

Achaemenes (?)

Rhodogune

Amytis

Popular depictions

Amestris is a character in the opera Serse by George Frideric Handel (italianized as "Amastre"). In the opera, Amestris is about to marry Xerxes (Serse), yet he falls in love with another woman and wants to marry her instead. Amestris disguises herself as a man in order to be near him. At the end of the opera, Xerxes is sorry for the things he did and asks Amestris once more to be his wife.^[11]

In the manga Fullmetal Alchemist the fictional country the story takes place in is named Amestris.

Notes

^ Amestris made human sacrifice. See Boyce, Mary (1989). A History of Zoroastrianism: The early period, p. 141.
^ electricpulp.com. ""Amestris" in Encyclopedia Iranica". Retrieved 9 September 2014.
^ Smith, William (1867). "Amestris (I)". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 137. Archived from the original on 2005-07-29. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
^ Herodotus, John Kenrick The Egypt of Herodotus being the second and part of the third books of his history, p.XVII (1841)
^ Herodotus, Histories vii. 61, 114, ix. 108—113
^ Ctesias, Persica c. 20. 30. ed. Lion
^ Plutarch, Alcibiades p. 123, c.
^ Godley, Alfred Denis (1921–24). "Histories book 9". Herodotus, with an English translation. OCLC 1610641.
^ First, Mitchell (1997). Jewish History in Conflict: A Study of the Major Discrepancy Between Rabbinic and Conventional Chronology. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4616-2912-2.
^ Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2022). Persians: The Age of the Great Kings. London: Headline Publishing Group. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-5416-0035-5.
^ Deutsche Oper am Rhein: Xerxes (issued in 2015), a book containing information on the opera itself as well as on a contemporary production