The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world.[4][5]
History
19th century
During the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, 103 librarians, 90 men, and 13 women, responded to a call for a "Convention of Librarians" to be held October 4–6, 1876, at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[6] At the end of the meeting, according to Edward G. Holley in his essay "ALA at 100", "the register was passed around for all to sign who wished to become charter members", making October 6, 1876, the date of the ALA's founding.
In 1911, Theresa Elmendorf became ALA's first woman president.[15][16] An analysis of the writings of the first fifteen women presidents gives more insight into the expanded role of women in the association.[17]
American Library Association conference at New Monterey Hotel in Asbury Park, New Jersey, June 25, 1919
In the 1930s, library activists pressured the American Library Association to be more responsive to issues such as peace, segregation, library unions, and intellectual freedom. In 1931, the Junior Members Round Table (JMRT) was formed to provide a voice for the younger members of the ALA.[19]
The first Library Bill of Rights (LBR) was drafted by Forrest Spaulding to set a standard against censorship and was adopted by the ALA in 1939. This has been recognized as the moment defining modern librarianship as a profession committed to intellectual freedom and the right to read.[20]
ALA appointed a committee to study censorship and recommend policy after the banning of the novel The Grapes of Wrath in Kern County, California and the implementation of the Library Bill of Rights. The committee reported in 1940 that intellectual freedom and professionalism were linked and recommended a permanent committee – Committee on Intellectual Freedom.[21] The ALA made revisions to strengthen the Library Bill of Rights in June 1948, approved the Statement on Labeling in 1951 to discourage labeling material as subversive, and adopted the Freedom to Read Statement and the Overseas Library Statement in 1953.[21]
The ALA has worked throughout its history to define, extend, protect and advocate for equity of access to information.[22]
In 1945 the ALA established an Office in Washington, D.C. named the National Relations Office under the direction of Paul Howard.[23]
In 1961, the ALA took a stand regarding service to African Americans and others, advocating for equal library service for all. An amendment to the Library Bill of Rights was passed in 1961 that made clear that an individual's library use should not be denied or abridged because of race, religion, national origin, or political views. Some communities decided to close their doors rather than desegregate.[24] In 1963, the ALA commissioned a study, Access to Public Libraries, which found direct and indirect discrimination in American libraries.[25]
In 1967, some librarians protested against a pro-Vietnam War speech given by General Maxwell D. Taylor at the annual ALA conference in San Francisco; the former president of Sarah Lawrence College, Harold Taylor, spoke to the Middle-Atlantic Regional Library Conference about socially responsible professionalism; and less than one year later a group of librarians proposed that the ALA schedule a new round table program discussion on the social responsibilities of librarians at its annual conference in Kansas City. This group called themselves the Organizing Committee for the ALA Round Table on Social Responsibilities of Libraries. This group drew in many other under-represented groups in the ALA who lacked power, including the Congress for Change in 1969.[26] This formation of the committee was approved in 1969 and would change its name to the Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT) in 1971. After its inception, the Round Table of Social Responsibilities began to press ALA leadership to address issues such as library unions, working conditions, wages, and intellectual freedom.
In 1971, Barbara Gittings staffed a kissing booth at the ALA Conference underneath the banner, "Hug a Homosexual."[29][30][31] This was the precipitating event that evolved into the Rainbow Round Table dedicated to supporting the information needs of LGBTQIA+ people.
Centennial
The American Library Association celebrated its centennial in 1976. In commemoration the association published Libraries and the Life of the Mind in America.[32][33]
The American Library Association Archives, established at the time of the centennial, created an online exhibit which includes a history of the centennial. Clara Stanton Jones, president, Inaugural address was titled, “The First Step into ALA’s Second Century.”[34]
1976–2000
Clara Stanton Jones was the first African American president of the ALA, serving as its acting president from April 11 to July 22 in 1976 upon the death of Allie Beth Martin and then elected president from July 22, 1976 to 1977.[35][36]
In 1983 in response to the National Commission on Excellence in Education Report, A Nation at Risk, leaders in library and information science launched the project, "Libraries and the Learning Society."[38] Librarians examined how public libraries, academic libraries, library and information science training institutions, and school library media centers could best respond to A Nation at Risk.
In June 1990, the ALA approved "Policy on Library Services to the Poor" and in 1996 the Task Force on Hunger, Homelessness, and Poverty was formed to resurrect and promote the ALA guidelines on library services to the poor.[39]
The Office for Information Technology Policy was established in 1995 to act as a public policy advocate for libraries in the area
of information technology.[40]
The "Congress on Professional Education" took place from April 30 to May 1, 1999 in Washington, D.C., with over 100 participating.[41] Its purpose was to reach consensus among stakeholder groups on the values and core competencies of the profession and on strategies for action to address common issues and concerns.[42][43]
At the beginning of the century The Congress on Professional Education recommended that the Association develop a set of Core Values.[44]
In 2007, Loriene Roy was elected as the first Native American President of the ALA.[45][46][47]
In 2009, Camila Alire became the first Hispanic president of the ALA.[48]
In 2014, Courtney Young, president of the association, commented on the background and implications of a racist joke author Daniel Handler made as African American writer Jacqueline Woodson received a National Book Award for Brown Girl Dreaming. "His comments were inappropriate and fell far short of the association's commitment to diversity," said Young. "Handler's remarks come at a time when the publishing world has little diversity. Works from authors and illustrators of color make up less than 8 percent of children's titles produced in 2013. The ALA hopes this regrettable incident will be used to open a dialogue on the need for diversity in the publishing industry, particularly in regards to books for young people."[49]
In 2020 Wanda Kay Brown was the first president from a historically black college or university. She also was president during COVID-19 and the live annual conference was cancelled and delivered virtually. Brown characterized her presidency as one of "change, loss, and hope."[50]
In 2021, Patty Wong became the first Asian-American president of the ALA.[51]
In 2023 the Public Library Association of ALA published the Public Library Services for Strong Communities Report addressing the myriad ways libraries nationwide serve and sustain their
communities.[53]
That same year, the Montana State Library Commission withdrew from the ALA, citing comments made by Emily Drabinski, who self-identified as a "Marxist lesbian".[54]
The Digital Public Library Ecosystem was published by ALA in 2023. It is a comprehensive overview of the current state and operations of the relationships and roles of stakeholders including authors,
agents, publishers, distributors, the library community, governments, and trade organizations.[55]
In 2024, in response to proposed Georgia legislation that would prohibit public expenditures on the ALA, the ALA responded that the legislation "is based on false narratives", and the ALA "does not promote any 'ideology'".[56]
The Library History Round Table published the "Bibliography of Library History" database containing over 7,000 entries for books, articles, and theses in library history and related fields published from 1990 to 2022.[58]
Cindy Hohl, the first SPECTRUM Scholar to be elected president was inaugurated in July 2024. Her presidential theme is “A Good Way for ALA.”[59]
Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained was published in 2024.[60]
Additionally, the American Library Association Institutional Repository (ALAIR) provides digital access to the publications and intellectual work of the Association.[64][65]
Membership
ALA membership is open to any person or organization, though most of its members are libraries or librarians. Most members live and work in the United States, with international members comprising 3.5% of total membership.[66]
Governing structure
The ALA is governed by an elected council and an executive board. Policies and programs are administered by committees and round tables. One of the organization's most visible tasks is overseen by the Office for Accreditation, which formally reviews and authorizes American and Canadian academic institutions that offer degree programs in library and information science.
ALA's President for the 2024–2025 term is Cindy Hohl. President-elect, Sam Helmick, will preside in 2025-2026.
The executive director of the American Library Association delegates authority within ALA headquarters to ALA’s department heads, who, in carrying out their assigned duties, are called upon to use ALA’s name, and, in that name, to commit the Association to programs, activities, and binding agreements.[67]
List of Executive Directors of the American Library Association
The official purpose of the association is "to promote library service and librarianship." Members may join one or more of eight membership divisions that deal with specialized topics such as academic, school, or public libraries, technical or reference services, and library administration. Members may also join any of the nineteen round tables that are grouped around more specific interests and issues than the broader set of ALA divisions.
Reference and User Services Association (RUSA). Serves libraries in reference, user services, adult readers' advisory and collection development as well as resource sharing, genealogy and archives, and reference technology. Selects notable nooks for an annual list.[79]
United for Libraries. Supports those who govern, promote, advocate, and fundraise for all types of libraries.[80]
The Committee on Literacy develops and recommends the association's policies related to the promotion of multiple literacies.[93]
The Chapter Relations Committee develops and recognizes chapters as integral components of ALA, encourages discussion, activities and programs that support the mutual interests of ALA and the chapters.[94]
In 1970, the ALA founded the "Task Force on Gay Liberation, the first professional lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender organization, which became the "Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Round Table (GLBTRT), now the Rainbow Round Table.[95][96][97]
In 1976, the Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship (COSWL) was established as an ALA Council Committee.[98][99]
National outreach
The ALA is affiliated with regional, state, and student chapters across the country. It organizes conferences, participates in library standards development, and publishes books and periodicals. The ALA publishes the journals American Libraries, Booklist and Choice.
The Graphics Program creates and distributes products that promote libraries, literacy and reading.[100] Along with other organizations, it sponsors the annual Banned Books Week the last week of September. The Young Adult Library Services Association also sponsors Teen Read Week, the third week of each October, and Teen Tech Week, the second week of each March. In addition, the ALA helps to promote diversity in the library profession with various outreach activities, including the Spectrum Scholarship program, which awards academic scholarships to minority library students each year.[101]
Additionally, the ALA's Office for Library Advocacy has an initiative called I Love Libraries, also known as ilovelibraries, which attempts to "spread the world about the value of today's libraries," promotes value of librarians and libraries, explains key library issues, and "urges readers to support and take action for their libraries."[102][103]
The ALA provides many scholarships (over $300,000 annually), a list of which can be found on their website.[104]
National Library Week, the second week of each April, is a national observance sponsored by the ALA since 1958.[105] Libraries across the country celebrate library resources, library champions and promote public outreach.
The young-adult division, YALSA, administers the Margaret Edwards Award for significant and lasting contribution to YA literature, a lifetime recognition of one author annually, and annual awards that recognize particular works: the Michael L. Printz Award for a YA book judged on literary merit alone, the William C. Morris Award for an author's first YA book, the new "YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction for Young Adults," and the "Alex Award" list of ten adult books having special appeal for teens. Jointly with the children's division ALSC there is the Odyssey Award for excellence in audiobook production.[111]
The award for YA nonfiction was inaugurated in 2012, defined by ages 12 to 18 and publication year November 2010 to October 2011. The first winner was The Notorious Benedict Arnold: A True Story of Adventure, Heroism & Treachery by Steve Sheinkin (Roaring Brook Press, November 2010) and four other finalists were named.[112][113]
The annual awards roster also includes the John Cotton Dana Award for excellence in library public relations, and the "I Love My Librarian" award in concert with the philanthropic foundation Carnegie Corporation of New York and the New York Public Library.
In 2000, the Office for Literacy and Outreach Services (OLOS) launched the Jean E. Coleman Library Outreach Lecture in tribute to the work of the first OLOS director, Jean E. Coleman. Barbara J. Ford gave the inaugural lecture, "Libraries, Literacy, Outreach and the Digital Divide."
Since 2006, the ALA has selected a class of Emerging Leaders, typically comprising about 100 librarians and library school students. This minor distinction is a form of organizational outreach to new librarians. The Emerging Leaders are allocated to project groups tasked with developing solutions to specified problems within ALA divisions. The class meets at the ALA Midwinter and Annual Meetings, commonly January and June. Project teams may present posters of their completed projects at the Annual.[115]
Conferences
The American Library Association Conference in June 2011
The ALA and its divisions hold numerous conferences throughout the year. The two largest conferences are the annual conference and the midwinter meeting, now called LibLearnX.[116] The latter is typically held in January and focuses on innovative session design concepts, while the annual conference is typically held in June and focuses on programs, exhibits, and presentations. The ALA annual conference is notable for being one of the largest professional conferences in existence, typically drawing over 25,000 attendees.[117]
In 2020, Wanda Kay Brown was the first president in 75 years under whom the Annual Conference, scheduled for Chicago in June 2020, was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In a press release about cancellation of the conference, Brown stated: "ALA's priority is the health and safety of the library community, including our members, staff, supporters, vendors and volunteers."[118]
The ALA advocates positions on United States political issues that it believes are related to libraries and librarianship. For court cases that touch on issues about which the organization holds positions, the ALA often files amici curiae briefs, voluntarily offering information on some aspect of the case to assist the court in deciding a matter before it. The ALA has a Public Policy and Advocacy office in Washington, D.C., that lobbiesCongress on issues relating to libraries, information and communication. It also provides materials to libraries that may include information on how to apply for grants, how to comply with the law, and how to oppose a law.[119]
The primary documented expressions of the ALA's intellectual freedom principles are the Freedom to Read Statement[120] and the Library Bill of Rights; the Library Bill of Rights urges libraries to "challenge censorship in the fulfillment of their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment."[121] The ALA Code of Ethics also calls on librarians to "uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and resist all efforts to censor library resources."[122]
The ALA maintains an Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF), which is charged with "implementing ALA policies concerning the concept of intellectual freedom,"[123] defined as "the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction. It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question, cause or movement may be explored."[124] Its goal is "to educate librarians and the general public about the nature and importance of intellectual freedom in libraries."[123] The OIF compiles lists of challenged books as reported in the media and submitted to them by librarians across the country.[125]
The first director, Judith Krug, headed the office for four decades, until her death in April 2009.[126]
In 1950, the Intellectual Freedom Committee, the forerunner of the OIF, investigated the termination of Ruth W. Brown as librarian of the Bartlesville Public Library, a position she held in the Oklahoma town for 30 years. Brown's termination was based on the false allegation that she was a communist and that she had as part of the library's serials collection two left wing publications, The New Republic and The Nation. The ALA support for her and the subsequent legal case was the first such investigation undertaken by the ALA or one of its state chapters.[127]
In 1999, radio personality Laura Schlessinger campaigned publicly against the ALA's intellectual freedom policy, specifically in regard to the ALA's refusal to remove a link on its web site to a specific sex-education site for teens.[128] Sharon Priestly said, however, that Schlessinger "distorted and misrepresented the ALA stand to make it sound like the ALA was saying porno for 'children' is O.K."[129]
In 2002, the ALA filed suit with library users and the ACLU against the United States Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), which required libraries receiving federal E-rate discounts for Internet access to install a "technology protection measure" to prevent children from accessing "visual depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors."[130] At trial, the federal district court struck down the law as unconstitutional.[131] The government appealed this decision, and on June 23, 2003, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the law as constitutional as a condition imposed on institutions in exchange for government funding. In upholding the law, the Supreme Court, adopting the interpretation urged by the U.S. Solicitor General at oral argument, made it clear that the constitutionality of CIPA would be upheld only "if, as the Government represents, a librarian will unblock filtered material or disable the Internet software filter without significant delay on an adult user's request."[132]
Privacy
1970s
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) attempted to use librarians as possible informants in the conspiracy case of the Harrisburg Seven in 1971. The Harrisburg Seven, a group of religious anti-war activists, were primarily accused of conspiring to kidnap National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. The supposed leader of the group, Philip Berrigan, was serving time at the Lewisburg penitentiary. The FBI sought "to use library surveillance and librarian informants" at Bucknell University as evidence of the Harrisburg Seven's "characters and intentions."[133] Boyd Douglas became one such informant for the FBI: he was a prisoner at the same penitentiary with a work-release position at the library. Boyd presented himself as an anti-war activist and offered to smuggle letters he collected while at work to Philip Berrigan at the prison.
The FBI also attempted to use Zoia Horn, a librarian at the Bucknell library, and interviewed other library workers. The FBI met with Horn in her home to debrief her, but Horn refused to answer their questions. She refused to testify, even after she was given immunity from self-incrimination.[134] Horn stated, "To me it stands on: Freedom of thought" and for the government to practice "spying in homes, in libraries and universities inhibits and destroys this freedom."[135] Zoia Horn was charged with contempt of the court and served 20 days in jail. She was "the first librarian who spent time in jail for a value of our profession" according to Judith Krug of the American Library Association's Office for Intellectual Freedom.[136] Horn continued to fight for intellectual freedom in libraries and beyond. The Intellectual Freedom Committee of the California Library Association now awards the Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award in honor of those who make contributions to intellectual freedom.[137]
In the 1970s, United States Department of the Treasury agents also pressured public libraries across the country to "release circulation records recording the names and identifying information of people who checked out books on bomb making."[133] The ALA believed this to be an "unconscionable and unconstitutional invasion of library patrons' privacy."[133]
As a result of these two situations and many others, the ALA affirmed the confidential status of all records which held patron names in a Policy on the Confidentiality of Library Records. The ALA also released the ALA Statement on Professional Ethics in 1975 which advocated for the protection of the "confidential relationship" between a library user and a library.[133]
1980s
The FBI tried to use surveillance in library settings as part of its Library Awareness Program of the 1980s; it aimed to use librarians "as partners in surveillance." The program was known to the FBI as "The Development of Counterintelligence Among Librarians," indicating that the FBI believed that librarians might be supportive in its counterintelligence investigations. The FBI attempted to profile "Russian or Slavic-sounding last names" of library patrons to look for possible "national security threats." The FBI wanted libraries to help it trace "the reading habits of patrons with those names."[133]
The ALA responded by writing to the FBI director. The Intellectual Freedom Committee also created "an advisory statement to warn libraries" of the Library Awareness Program, including ways to help librarians "avoid breaking their ethical obligations if faced with FBI surveillance."[138]
USA PATRIOT Act
In 2003, the ALA passed a resolution opposing the USA PATRIOT Act, which called sections of the law "a present danger to the constitutional rights and privacy rights of library users."[139] Since then, the ALA and its members have sought to change the law by working with members of Congress and educating their communities and the press about the law's potential to violate the privacy rights of library users. ALA has also participated as an amicus curiae in lawsuits filed by individuals challenging the constitutionality of the USA PATRIOT Act, including a lawsuit filed by four Connecticut librarians after the library consortium they managed was served with a national security letter seeking information about library users.[140] After several months of litigation, the lawsuit was dismissed when the FBI decided to withdraw the National Security Letter.[141] In 2007, the "Connecticut Four" were honored by the ALA with the Paul Howard Award for Courage for their challenge to the National Security Letter and gag order provision of the USA PATRIOT Act.[142]
In 2006, the ALA sold humorous "radical militant librarian" buttons for librarians to wear in support of the ALA's stances on intellectual freedom, privacy, and civil liberties.[143] Inspiration for the button's design came from documents obtained from the FBI by the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. The request revealed a series of e-mails in which FBI agents complained about the "radical, militant librarians" while criticizing the reluctance of FBI management to use the secret warrants authorized under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act.[144]
Renaming of Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal
In 2018, the organization changed the name of the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal to the Children's Literature Legacy Award. According to The New York Times, the name change was made "in order to distance the honor" from what the ALA described as "culturally insensitive portrayals" in Wilder's books.[145]
Copyright
The ALA "supports efforts to amend the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and urges the courts to restore the balance in copyright law, ensure fair use and protect and extend the public domain."[146] It supports changing copyright law to eliminate damages when using orphan works without permission;[147] is wary of digital rights management; and, in ALA v. FCC,[148] successfully sued the Federal Communications Commission to prevent regulation that would enforce next-generation digital televisions to contain rights-management hardware. It has joined the Information Access Alliance to promote open access to research.[149] The Copyright Advisory Network of the association's Office for Information Technology Policy provides copyright resources to libraries and the communities they serve. The ALA is a member of the Library Copyright Alliance,[150] along with the Association of Research Libraries and the Association of College and Research Libraries, which provides a unified voice for over 300,000 information professionals in the United States.[151]
Currently, the ALA supports bill H.R. 905, also known as the You Own Devices Act, stating "to foster the social and commercial evolution of the "Internet of Things" by codifying the right of the owner of a device containing 'essential software' intrinsic to its function to transfer [e.g. sell or lease] both the device and the software."[152]
Accredited programs in library and information studies
ALA-accredited programs can be found at schools in the U.S., Puerto Rico, and Canada. These programs offer degrees with names such as Master of Library Science, Master of Arts, Master of Librarianship, Master of Library and Information Studies, and Master of Science. To be accredited, the program must undergo an external review and meet the Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies.
Black Caucus of the American Library Association was formed in 1970. "The Black Caucus of the American Library Association serves as an advocate for the development, promotion, and improvement of library services and resources to the nation's African American community; and provides leadership for the recruitment and professional development of African American librarians."[153] The current president of the Black Caucus of the American Library Association is Richard E. Ashby, Jr.[154]
^Ghikas, Mary W. (2018). "The American Library Association," pp. 66-84 In McDonald, John D., and Michael Levine-Clark, eds. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. Fourth edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2018.
^Thomison, Dennis (1993). "Elmendorf, Theresa West". In Robert Wedgeworth (ed.). World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services (3rd ed.). Chicago: ALA Editions. ISBN 0-8389-0609-5, p. 280. The death of her husband had forced Theresa Elmendorf to end her unpaid status, and for the next 20 years she held the position of vice-librarian at the Buffalo Public Library. Her new role also meant an increased participation in the American Library Association; in 1911–12 she served as its President, the first woman to hold that position.
^Busbin, O.Mell, JR. A Survey of the Writings of the First Fifteen Women Presidents of the American Library Association. PhD dissertation. Western Michigan University; 1978.
^Young, Arthur P. Books for Sammies: The American Library Association and World War I. Beta Phi Mu chapbook, no. 15. Pittsburgh, Pa: Beta Phi Mu, 1981.
^Warner David."20 questions". Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. CityPaper.net. April 22–29, 1999; accessed November 4, 2007.
^Libraries and the Life of the Mind in America: Addresses Delivered at the Centennial Celebration of the American Library Association. Chicago: American
Library Assn., 1977.
^Clara Stanton Jones, “The First Step into ALA’s Second Century,” in Step into 200: American Library Association Gala Inaugural Banquet, July 23, 1976, Record series 5/1/1, Box 18, Folder: 1976.
^"Clara Stanton Jones interviewed by Marva DeLoach," in Women of Color in Librarianship, pp.29- 57. ed. by Kathleen McCook, Chicago: American Library Association Editions, 1998.
^Mathews, Virginia H. 2004. Libraries Citizens & Advocacy: The Lasting Effects of Two White House Conferences on Library and Information Services. Washington D.C.: White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services Taskforce.
^Alliance for Excellence: Librarians Respond to 'A Nation at Risk.' Recommendations and Strategies from Libraries and the Learning Society (Report). July 1984. ERICED243885.
^Whitwell, Stuart C.A. 'Understanding the New Office for Information Technology Policy.' American Libraries. V. 26. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995
^Sullivan, Peggy. "The congress on professional education: Lessons learned from library school, past and future." American Libraries. 1999;30(7):14-15.
^Reichel, Mary, and Marion T. Reid. “Reports from the Congress on Professional Education.” College & Research Libraries News 60, no. 6 (June 1999): 473.
^American Library Association, American Library Association Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained Working Group, American Library Association Council Committee on Diversity, American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services, San Francisco Public Library Jail and Reentry Services, and Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies. 2024. Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained. Edited by Erin Boyington, Randall Horton, Eldon Ray James, Sharaya Olmeda, and Victoria Van Hyning. 2024 revised edition. Chicago: American Library Association.
^"ALA Archives". ALA. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
^Brichford, Maynard (1977). "Current Status of the American Library Association Archives: A Preliminary Report". The Journal of Library History. 12 (1): 64–69. JSTOR25540717.
^“William Gordon Selected Executive Director.” 1998. American Libraries 29 (May): 7.
^DeCandido, G.A., and M. Rogers. 1989. “The First Woman: Linda Crismond Named Executive Director, ALA. (Cover Story).” Library Journal 114 (12): 14–17.
^John Mackenzie Cory Director of New York Public Library. 1970-78.American Library Association Archives.
^Greenberg, Gerry (2023), "On LHRT's Seventy-Fifth Anniversary. Libraries: Culture, History, and Society 7 no.1:77-79.
^Ford, Anne (2020). "The Rainbow's Arc: ALA's Rainbow Round Table celebrates 50 years of pride". American Libraries. 51 (6): 26–31. JSTOR26993090.
^Joyce, Steven (January 31, 1999). "A Few Gates: An Examination of the Social Responsibilities Debate in the Early 1970s & '90s". Progressive Librarian (15): 1. ProQuest207670714.
^Poole, Alex H. (September 2018). "'Be Damned Pushy at Times': The Committee on the Status of Women and Feminism in the Archival Profession, 1972–1998". The American Archivist. 81 (2): 394–437. doi:10.17723/0360-9081-81.2.394.
^Poole, Alex H. (October 2020). "'Tearing the Shroud of Invisibility': Communities of Protest Information Practices and the Fight for LGBTQ Rights in US Librarianship". The Library Quarterly. 90 (4): 530–562. doi:10.1086/710255.
^Gittings, Barbara (1990). Gays in Library Land: The Gay and Lesbian Task Force of the American Library Association: The First Sixteen Years. Philadelphia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^McCollough Carole J., Adelaide Poniatowski Phelps and Ethnic and Multicultural Information Exchange Round Table. Coretta Scott King Book Awards Committee. 2019. The Coretta Scott King Awards : 50th Anniversary Sixth ed. Chicago: ALA Editions.
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Jalur trem lintas SurabayaPeta jaringan rel kereta api SS, NIS, dan trem lintas Surabaya OJS pada tahun 1943IkhtisarJenisLintas utamaSistemJalur trem perkotaanStatusTidak beroperasiOperasiDibangun olehOost-Java Stoomtram MaatschappijDibuka1889Ditutup1978PemilikPT Kereta Api Indonesia (pemilik aset jalur dan stasiun)Karakteristik lintasLintas datarDepoWonokromoData teknisPanjang rel50 kmLebar sepur1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Kecepatan operasi20 s.d. 40 km/jam Peta rute Legend...
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. التفاظ/تأيين الليزر بمساعدة المطرس (بالإنجليزية: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) (اختصارًا MALDI) هي تقنية تأين، تستعمل طاقة الليزر في امتصاص المطرس لتكوين أيوناتٍ من جزيئاتٍ أكبر مع...
Las Vegas QuicksilversCalcio Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori sociali Dati societari Città Las Vegas Nazione Stati Uniti Confederazione CONCACAF Federazione NASL Fondazione 1976 Scioglimento1978 Allenatore Derek Trevis Stadio Las Vegas Stadium(15000 posti) Palmarès Si invita a seguire il modello di voce I Las Vegas Quicksilvers furono una franchigia calcistica statunitense, con sede a Las Vegas. Indice 1 Storia 2 Cronistoria 3 Allenatori 4 Giocatori 5 Collegame...
Western Air Defense SectorUnit emblemActive1995 (1995)–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceTypeJoint bi-national unitRoleAir defense command and controlPart ofWashington Air National Guard and First Air Force (Air Forces Northern)Home baseJoint Base Lewis-McChord, WashingtonNickname(s)BigfootWebsiteOfficial websiteCommandersCurrentcommanderColonel Scott C. HumphreyMilitary unit The Western Air Defense Sector (WADS) is a unit of the Washington Air N...
Railway station in Lancashire, England PleasingtonGeneral informationLocationPleasington, Blackburn with DarwenEnglandGrid referenceSD642262Managed byNorthernPlatforms2Other informationStation codePLSClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOpened1846Passengers2018/19 6,9742019/20 10,8442020/21 2,7722021/22 9,6322022/23 8,064 NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road Pleasington railway station serves the village of Pleasington in Lancashire, England. The station is on the East La...
France aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1904 Code CIO FRA Comité CNOSF Lieu Saint-Louis Participation Pas d'athlètes officiellement envoyés Athlètes 1 Porte-drapeau pas de défilé MédaillesRang : 13e Or0 Arg.1 Bron.0 Total1 France aux Jeux olympiques d'été France aux Jeux olympiques de 1900 France aux Jeux olympiques de 1908 modifier La France n'a pas envoyé de délégation aux Jeux olympiques de 1904 à Saint-Louis, les représentants européens sont très rares en raison ...
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (avril 2024). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Com...
Election in Nevada Main article: 1872 United States presidential election 1872 United States presidential election in Nevada ← 1868 November 5, 1872 1876 → Nominee Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley Party Republican Liberal Republican Home state Illinois New York Running mate Henry Wilson Benjamin G. Brown Electoral vote 3 0 Popular vote 8,413 6,236 Percentage 57.43% 42.57% County Results Grant 50-60% 60-70% 70-...
River in Montana, United States Jefferson RiverConfluence of Beaverhead and Big Hole Rivers forming the Jefferson near Twin Bridges, MontanaJefferson River watershed (Interactive map)Location of mouth in MTLocationCountryUnited StatesStateMontanaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationTwin Bridges, Montana • coordinates45°34′05″N 112°20′21″W / 45.56806°N 112.33917°W / 45.56806; -112.33917[1] MouthMissouri ...
Romance language indigenous to the island of Sardinia This article is about the modern Romance language. For ancient Sardinian, see Paleo-Sardinian language. This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its readable prose size was 17,000 words. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (June 2023) SardinianSardsardulimba / lìngua sardaPronunciation[ˈ...
German deployment plan against France For the French deployment plan of 1914, see Plan XVII. Count Alfred von Schlieffen in 1906 Schlieffen PlanOperational scopeOffensive strategyPlanned1905–1906 and 1906–1914Planned byAlfred von SchlieffenHelmuth von Moltke the YoungerObjectiveDisputedDate7 August 1914Executed byMoltkeOutcomeSee AftermathCasualtiesc. 305,000 vteBattle of the Frontiers 1914 Mulhouse Haelen Lorraine Dinant Ardennes Rossignol Charleroi Mons Trouée de Charme...
Buku Harian Nayla adalah sinetron Indonesia produksi SinemArt yang ditayangkan perdana 11 Desember 2006 di RCTI berdasarkan drama Jepang 1 Litre no Namida. Sinetron ini disutradarai oleh Maruli Ara, dan dibintangi oleh Chelsea Olivia, Glenn Alinskie, dan Andrew White. Sinopsis Nayla adalah seorang gadis berusia 15 tahun yang hidup di sebuah keluarga sederhana. Semua tampak sempurna untuk Nayla, dia ceria, rajin, pintar, jago basket dan rajin ibadah. Di sekolah, ia bisa menjadi ketua kelas dan...
Thomas JaneThomas Jane 2019LahirThomas Elliott III22 Februari 1969 (umur 55)Baltimore, Maryland, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1987–sekarangSuami/istriAysha Hauer (m. 1989; c. 1995) Patricia Arquette (m. 2006; c. 2011)Anak1 Thomas Jane (lahir 22 Februari 1969) adalah seorang aktor asal Amerika Serikat. Ia dikenal untuk tampil dalam film-film seperti Boogie Nights (199...
Campionato del Mondo FIBA 2014 Sport Pallacanestro Zona FIBAFIBA Paese ospitante Turchia Periodo27 settembre - 5 ottobre Squadre16 (da 213 federazioni) Campi3 (in 2 città) Podio Stati Uniti (9º titolo) Spagna Australia Partite giocate40 MVP Maya Moore Statistiche torneo GiocatoriSquadre Media punti Lyttle 18,2 Stati Uniti 92,2Rimbalzi Leŭčanka 13,0 Stati Uniti 50,8Assist Casanova 5,8 Stati Uniti 22,3 Torneo valido come qualificazione al Torneo olimpico 2016 Sito uffici...
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