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Al-Ard (Arabic: الارض, "The Land;" sometimes called "the Land movement") was a Palestinian political movement made up of Arab citizens of Israel. It was active between 1958 and some time in the 1970s.

The movement was established by Sabri Jiryis, Habib Qahwaji, Salih Baransi, Mansur Qardawsh, and Muhammad Miari.^[1] It attracted international attention.^[2]^[3] Israeli geography scholar Oren Yiftachel characterized its activities as among "the most notable occasions expressing antigovernment resistance" by the Palestinian minority in Israel.^[4]

The political movement's goal was, according to political historian David McDowall, "to achieve complete equality and social justice for all classes of people in Israel" and "to find a just solution for the Palestine problem as a whole, and as an indivisible unit."^[3]

Following unsuccessful efforts to secure registration of the organization as an Israeli NGO and secure it a publishing permit,^[2]^[5] it was outlawed in 1964.

Al-Ard's disappearance as a movement was linked both to governmental and popular resistance, with the Israeli Community Party denouncing the group and Palestinian Arab communities inside of Israel concerned that Al-Ard might destroy them.^[2]^[6]^{[clarification needed]}

References

^ Bryan Daves. "Ard, Al". .encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Citing Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
^ ^a ^b ^c Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 197.
^ ^a ^b McDowall, 1990, p. 150.
^ Yiftachel, Oren (2000). ""Ethnocracy" and Its Discontents: Minorities, Protests, and the Israeli Polity". Critical Inquiry. 26 (4): 747. ISSN 0093-1896.
^ Smooha, 1978, p. 215.
^ Kaufman, 1987, p. 63.

Bibliography

Dinstein, Yoram (1989), Yoram Dinstein (ed.), Israel Yearbook on Human Rights Volume 1, 1971, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7923-0351-0
Frankel, William (1988), Survey of Jewish affairs, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0-8386-3343-4
Harris, Ron (2004). "Constitutional Law of Israel - A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties: The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court". Bepress Legal Series. 349.
Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003), The Palestinian people: a history (Illustrated ed.), Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01129-8
Jiryis, Sabri (1976): The Arabs in Israel, 1st American edition ISBN 0-85345-377-2 (updated from the 1966 ed.) With a foreword by Noam Chomsky.
Lustick, Ian (1980): Arabs in the Jewish State : Israel's control of a national minority. Austin : University of Texas Press, (al-Ard: p.128, 249)
McDowall, David (1990). Palestine and Israel: the uprising and beyond (Reprint, illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-289-0.
Payes, Shany (2005). Palestinian NGOs in Israel: the politics of civil society (Illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-630-0.
Rizvi, Arif H. (1980). Contemporary West Asian scene: a selection of papers presented at a seminar held at Aligarh. Centre of West Asian Studies, Aligarh Muslim University.
Smooha, Sammy (1978), Israel, pluralism and conflict, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-7100-8511-5
Yishai, Yael (1991), Land of paradoxes: interest politics in Israel (Illustrated ed.), SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-0725-7
Zureik, Elia (1979), The Palestinians in Israel: a study in internal colonialism, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7100-0016-3

[1] Bryan Daves. "Ard, Al". .encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Citing Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa

[Kimmerlingp197-2] Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 197.

[McDowallp150-3] McDowall, 1990, p. 150.

[4] Yiftachel, Oren (2000). ""Ethnocracy" and Its Discontents: Minorities, Protests, and the Israeli Polity". Critical Inquiry. 26 (4): 747. ISSN 0093-1896.

[Smoohap215-5] Smooha, 1978, p. 215.

[Kaufmanp63-6] Kaufman, 1987, p. 63.

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Al-Ard

See also

References

Bibliography