Grand Cross of Commander of the Order of the Cross of Vytis (1998)
Adolfas Ramanauskas (March 6, 1918 – November 29, 1957), code nameVanagas (lit.'The Hawk'), was a prominent Lithuanian partisan and one of the leaders of the Lithuanian resistance. Ramanauskas was working as a teacher under the Nazi administration when Lithuania was re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1944–45. He joined the anti-Soviet resistance after being pressured by the NKVD to spy on his students, eventually advancing from a platoon commander to the chairman of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters.[1] Betrayed by a classmate, he was arrested, brutally tortured, and eventually executed.[2] He was the last known partisan commander to be captured.[3][4]
Ramanauskas was born to a Lithuanian immigrant family in New Britain, Connecticut, United States. In 1921, his family returned to Lithuania, bought 6 hectares (15 acres) of land in Bielėnai [lt] near Rudamina, and took up farming.[12] Ramanauskas graduated from Galiniai primary school in 1930, and from Lazdijai secondary school in 1937. Being a scout,[13] he continued his studies at the Klaipėda Pedagogical Institute (now Vilnius Pedagogical University).
The Red Army's eventual victory over the Wehrmacht led to the re-occupation of Lithuania and the mass deportations, killings and other repressions that came with it. In early 1945, Ramanauskas joined the Lithuanian partisans who waged a guerrilla war against the Soviet occupants. He adopted the nom-de-guerreVanagas ("Hawk") and joined partisan formations in southern Lithuania (Suvalkija and Dzūkija), which were most active among Lithuanian partisans.[16]
Guerrilla warfare
Ramanauskas joined a partisan platoon operating in the environs of Nemunaitis and Alovė [lt] and was immediately elected its commander. He organized disorganized resistance members into a 140-men Merkinė company (later reorganized into a battalion).[15] The early stages of resistance saw open battles with the NKVD and destruction battalions. Two of such encounters were in the Varčios Forest between Alovė and Daugai on June 14 and 23, 1945. During the shootout, 30–47 partisans were killed and 6–14 taken prisoners.[17] On July 1, 1945, Ramanauskas was promoted to commander of Merkys Brigade (composed of three battalions – Merkinė, Marcinkonys and Druskininkai). In October 1945, in Nedzingė he married Birutė Mažeikaitė, a former student at the Alytus Teachers' Seminary and fellow partisan fighter (codename Vanda).[12] On December 15, 1945, he led a daring but unsuccessful attack on Merkinė. The partisans destroyed Soviet records, but they could not free prisoners or overpower the Soviet troops in the local church.[16] Ramanauskas strove to improve organization and centralized command of the partisans. He became commander of the Dainava military district after the death of Dominykas Jėčys [lt]-Ąžuolas in September 1947 and of the Southern Lithuania Region [lt] in 1948. He also wrote, edited, and published numerous partisan newspapers, including Mylėk Tėvynę [lt] (tr. Love Your Fatherland, 1946–47), Laisvės varpas [lt] (tr. The Bell of Freedom, 1947–49), Свободное слово (The Free Word, 1947–49), a Russian-language newspaper for Soviet soldiers, and Miško brolis (The Forest Brother, 1951–52).[12]
In February 1949, he participated in a meeting of all partisan commanders in the village of Minaičiai. The Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters, chief command of the partisans, was established during the meeting. Ramanauskas was elected to the presidium of the Union and as the first deputy of its chairman Jonas Žemaitis.[12] He was also promoted to the rank of major. Ramanauskas was one of the signatories of the Lithuanian Partisans Declaration of February 16, 1949, which proclaimed Lithuania as a democratic republic and the Lithuanian nation as a sovereign power.[18]
In fall 1949, Ramanauskas was further promoted to colonel and chief commander of the defensive forces of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters. When Žemaitis resigned due to poor health in 1952, Ramanauskas became the leader of the Union.[12] However, by that time the armed resistance had diminished. Due to heavy losses organized structures broke down and partisans continued their struggles individually. Ramanauskas officially ordered cessation of armed struggle in favour of passive resistance.[14]
He obtained fake documents and lived in hiding. While in hiding he wrote three-part memoirs, which were hidden by trusted people and uncovered only in 1988–89 during the era of glasnost and first published as Daugel krito sūnų… (Many Sons Have Fallen...) in 1991. The KGB formed a permanent operational group led by Petras Raslanas and Nachman Dushanski to capture Ramanauskas, which, according to Auksutė Ramanauskaitė-Skokauskienė [lt], had as many as thirty agents in 1956.[2][12][19] Ramanauskas was betrayed by Antanas Urbonas, a former classmate at Kaunas, and arrested on October 11, 1956.
He was taken to the KGB prison in Vilnius (now the Museum of Genocide Victims) and tortured. On October 12, barely alive, he was transferred to a hospital, where doctors noted his many wounds – his eye was punctured 5 times, he was missing genitals, had a bruised stomach, etc. He was being cut alive and then stitched.[12][20] Scissors were actively used during his torture.[21] This took place despite Nikita Khrushchev having abolished torture. Sentenced to death on September 25, 1957, Vanagas was executed on November 29, 1957.[22]
His wife Birutė Mažeikaitė was sentenced to 8 years in the Gulag system.[2]
Ramanauskas has been accused of supporting the Lithuanian Activist Front and commanding a paramilitary group that persecuted the Jewish community of Druskininkai in 1941.[5][23][24][25][6] In his memoirs, Ramanauskas recalled leading a partisan unit in Nazi-occupied Druskininkai. Multiple residents of Druskininkai claimed to have witnessed partisans beating and killing Jews and suspected communists. Contemporary police documents indicate that armed partisan groups in Druskininkai executed at least 28 people.[26][27]
The Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and state-funded Genocide and Resistance Research Centre maintain that the allegations are "lies [...] spread first by the Soviet-era KGB secret police to discredit him."[28][29] Historian and politician Arvydas Anušauskas has similarly claimed that the allegations have their origins in a "Russian backed anti-Lithuanian disinformation campaign" led by the KGB officer and his torturer Nachman Dushanski.[30]
Awards
Antemortem
On 9 April 1946, Ramanauskas-Vanagas was awarded the Zeal Stripe (Uolumo juostelė) for conducting organizational work for the resistance movement and the Bravery Stripe (juostelė "Už narsumą") for heading the attack on Soviet occupants in Merkinė. In 1949–1950, he received the Freedom Fight Cross with Swords (1st and 2nd class).[31]
Postmortem
On 27 December 1997, Ramanauskas-Vanagas, was granted the status of a "military volunteer," and on 26 January 1998, he was posthumously granted the rank of reserve brigadier general by decree of the President of Lithuania, in addition to being awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis (second class) and in 1999 the Order of the Cross of Vytis (first class)[31]. In 2018, Seimas passed a resolution identifying Ramanauskas as the "highest-ranking Lithuanian official in the fight against Soviet occupation" from 1954 to 1957.[32]
Legacy
State funeral of the Lithuanian partisan commander Adolfas Ramanauskas-Vanagas, 2018
A book of memoirs by Ramanauskas, written between 1952 and 1956 and assembled by his daughter Auksutė Ramanauskaitė-Skokauskienė, was published in 1991 under the title Daugel krito sūnų ("Many sons fell").[33] In 2018, the Lithuanian Genocide and Resistance Research Centre published an English translation of the work, entitled Many Sons Have Fallen in the Partisan Ranks.[34] Auksutė was also elected to the Seimas in 2008.
In December 2017, Israeli ambassador Amir Maimon visited Ramanauskas's daughter and reportedly "expressed indirect diplomatic support to the memory of the freedom fighter."[35]
In 2018, Ramanauskas's grave was found at the Našlaičiai (lit. Orphans) Cemetery in Antakalnis, Vilnius. The identity was confirmed by anthropological analysis of the skull, DNA investigation, and photographic matching. His death was the result of a gunshot in the vertex of his head.[40] His remains were discovered and reburied in a state funeral among other state leaders in the Antakalnis Cemetery,[41] at which Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė spoke, diplomats from 30 countries and thousands of ordinary people participated.[42][43] The Seimas designated 2018 the year of Ramanauskas-Vanagas.[44]
^Iržikevičius, Ruslanas (12 May 2019). "A response to E. Zurof regarding A. Ramanauskas-Vanagas". lithuaniatribune.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019. Already after the end of the Second World War, KGB lieutenant colonel N. Dushanski, who received all his awards for supposed combat "merits" (the destruction of the Lithuanian anti-communist resistance movement), willingly participated in a Russian backed anti-Lithuanian disinformation campaign. It appears that namely N. Dushanski's false claims regarding A. Ramanauskas are the basis for Efraim Zuroff's tweet on October 28, 2017, stating, "The role of a Lithuanian hero in the crimes of the Holocaust should not allow him to be called a state hero in 2018."
^ ab"Adolfas Ramanauskas-Vanagas: The State Funeral Ceremony on 5 and 6 October 2018"(PDF). genocid.lt. p. 4. Retrieved 12 October 2019. On 9 April 1946, A. Ramanauskas-Vanagas was awarded the Zeal Stripe (Uolumo Juostelė) for doing organizational work to help the resistance movement; he was also given the Bravery Stripe for heading the attack on Merkinė.
Katedral Basilika Rosario Suci, Kaohsiung Ini adalah daftar basilika di Taiwan. Katolik Daftar basilika Gereja Katolik di Taiwan[1]: Katedral Basilika Rosario Suci, Kaohsiung Basilika Maria Dikandung Tanpa Noda, Wanchin Lihat juga Gereja Katolik Roma Gereja Katolik di Taiwan Daftar katedral di Taiwan Daftar basilika Referensi ^ Basilika di seluruh dunia lbsDaftar basilika di AsiaNegaraberdaulat Afganistan Arab Saudi Armenia1 Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Filipina Georgi...
Insiden bendera nasional TzuyuTzuyu lahir di Tainan, Taiwan. Anggota grup vokal wanita Korea Selatan Twice.Nama asli 周子瑜国旗事件Tanggal15 Januari 2016 (2016-01-15)Lokasi Tiongkok Republik Tiongkok Korea SelatanNama lainInsiden Bendera Taiwan 2016Peserta/Pihak terlibat Chou Tzu-yu (Tzuyu) Twice Huang AnNetral JYP Entertainment Warganet Taiwan Warganet TiongkokHasilAktivitas Tzuyu di Tiongkok dihentikan untuk sementara. Insiden bendera nasional Tzuyu (Hanzi...
Eko Sukriyanto Karowabprof Divpropam PolriMasa jabatan8 April 2018 – 16 November 2020 PendahuluEdi Hasiholan NapitupuluPenggantiAnggoro SukartonoWakil Kepala Kepolisian Daerah GorontaloMasa jabatan25 Agustus 2017 – 8 April 2018 PendahuluHarionoPenggantiJaya Subriyanto Informasi pribadiLahir0 Januari 1963 (umur 61)IndonesiaAlma materAkademi Kepolisian (1987)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang Kepolisian Negara Republik IndonesiaMasa dinas1987—2021Pa...
Good bye, Lenin!Poster film Good bye, Lenin!SutradaraWolfgang BeckerProduserStefan ArndtDitulis olehWolfgang Becker,Bernd LichtenbergPemeranDaniel Brühl,Katrin SaßPenata musikYann TiersenDistributorSony Pictures ClassicsTanggal rilis9 Februari 2003Durasi121 menitAnggaran~ €4.800.000IMDbInformasi di IMDb Good bye, Lenin! adalah film tragikomedi Jerman yang dirilis tahun 2003. Film yang disutradarai oleh Wolfgang Becker ini dapat dilihat sebagai suatu gerakan rindu akan Jerman Timur (...
Roosseno Soerjohadikoesoemo Menteri Perekonomian Indonesia ke-12Masa jabatan8 November 1954 – 12 Agustus 1955PresidenSoekarnoPerdana MenteriAli SastroamidjojoPendahuluIskak TjokroadisurjoPenggantiIJK HendrowahyonoMenteri Perhubungan Indonesia ke-6Masa jabatan12 Oktober 1953 – 23 Oktober 1954PresidenSoekarnoPerdana MenteriAli SastroamidjojoPendahuluAbikoesno TjokrosoejosoPenggantiAdnan Kapau GaniMenteri Pekerjaan Umum Indonesia ke-10Masa jabatan30 Juli 1953...
Inghilterra Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Sport Calcio Federazione Football Association Confederazione UEFA Codice FIFA ENG Soprannome Three Lions(Tre leoni) Selezionatore Gareth Southgate Record presenze Peter Shilton (125) Capocannoniere Harry Kane (62) Ranking FIFA 4º (4 aprile 2024)[1] Sponsor tecnico Nike Esordio internazionale Scozia 0 - 0 Inghilterra Glasgow, Regno Unito, 30 novembre 1872 Migliore vittoria Irlanda 0 - 13 Inghilterra Belfast, Regno Unito, 18 febbraio 1882 Pe...
Prime Minister of Belgium from 1999 to 2008 Guy VerhofstadtMEPVerhofstadt in 2021European Parliament Brexit CoordinatorChair of the Brexit Steering GroupIn office8 September 2016 – 31 January 2020PresidentMartin SchulzAntonio TajaniDavid SassoliPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byOffice abolishedPrime Minister of BelgiumIn office12 July 1999 – 20 March 2008MonarchAlbert IIDeputyLaurette OnkelinxDidier ReyndersPreceded byJean-Luc DehaeneSucceeded byYves LetermeLeader...
Overview of the foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government This article is about the foreign policy of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan while Prime Minister. For his foreign policy as President, see Recep Tayyip Erdoğan § Presidency (2014–present). This article is part of a series aboutRecep Tayyip Erdoğan Early life and career Electoral history Public image Honors Political views Foreign policy 2023 vision Erdoğanism Parties National Salvation Party Welfare Party Virtue Party Jus...
For other people named Stuart Taylor, see Stuart Taylor (disambiguation). English footballer Stuart Taylor Taylor warming up for Aston Villa in 2008Personal informationFull name Stuart James Taylor[1]Date of birth (1980-11-28) 28 November 1980 (age 43)[2]Place of birth Romford, EnglandHeight 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)[3]Position(s) GoalkeeperYouth career Wimbledon ArsenalSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1997–2005 Arsenal 18 (0)1999 → Bristol Rovers (l...
Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gracia and the second or maternal family name is Calmache. Cani Cani training with Villarreal in 2011Personal informationFull name Rubén Gracia Calmache[1]Date of birth (1981-08-03) 3 August 1981 (age 42)[1]Place of birth Zaragoza, Spain[1]Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1]Position(s) Right midfielderYouth career Stadium Venecia ZaragozaSenior career*Years Team App...
Demonstrasi siswa di St. Paul, Minnesota, menentang kekerasan dengan senjata api di sekolah Kekerasan di sekolah merupakan tindak kekerasan yang melibatkan murid, guru, dan staf sekolah yang dapat mengganggu proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.[1] Dua peneliti Universitas California, Santa Barbara, Michael Furlong dan Gale Morrison, mendefinisikan kekerasan di sekolah sebagai konstruksi multi faset yang melibatkan tindakan kriminal dan agresi di sekolah yang menghambat perkembangan dan...
Ritual animal sacrifice in Islam This article is about ritual animal sacrifice in Islam. For ritual animal sacrifice in Judaism, see Korban. For the guidelines for religious slaughter in Islam, see Dhabihah. Part of a series onIslam Beliefs Oneness of God Angels Revealed Books Prophets Day of Resurrection Predestination Practices Profession of Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage TextsFoundations Quran Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Tafsir (exegesis) Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of t...
Будинок, в якому проходило перше організаційне засідання Комітету «Миколаївського центру», вул. 5-а Воєнна, 35 «Миколаївський центр» — підпільна антифашистська організація, що діяла в місті Миколаєві у роки Другої світової війни. Зміст 1 Діяльність «Миколаївського цен...
Municipality of Slovenia Municipality in SloveniaMunicipality of Izola Občina Izola, Comune di IsolaMunicipality Coat of armsLocation of the Municipality of Izola in SloveniaCoordinates: 45°31′N 13°39′E / 45.517°N 13.650°E / 45.517; 13.650Country SloveniaGovernment • MayorDanilo MarkočičArea[1] • Total28.6 km2 (11.0 sq mi)Population (2016)[1] • Total15,920 • Density560/k...
C-class destroyer For other ships with the same name, see HMS Childers. Childers at anchor on the River Clyde, December 1946 History United Kingdom NameChilders Ordered24 July 1942 Laid down27 November 1943 Launched27 February 1945 Commissioned19 December 1945 Decommissioned1951 IdentificationPennant number: R91 later changed to D91 FateArrived in Spezia for scrapping 22 September 1963 General characteristics (as built) Class and typeC-class destroyer Displacement1,906 long tons (1,937 t...
L'Autrichien Johann Sattler est le représentant spécial de l'UE en Bosnie-et-Herzégovine depuis septembre 2019. Le représentant spécial de l'Union européenne (RSUE) est un haut fonctionnaire assurant la représentation diplomatique de l'Union européenne dans certains pays ou régions et sous l'autorité conjointe du haut représentant de l'Union pour le SEAE et du président de la Commission européenne. Sur le terrain, il coordonne la politique étrangère et de sécurité commune (PE...
Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Trakai VoivodeshipLatin: Palatinatus TrocensisLithuanian: Trakų vaivadijaPolish: Województwo trockieVoivodeship of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1569) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)1413–1795 Coat of arms Trakai Voivodeship (in red) in the 17th centuryTrakai Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthCapitalTrakaiArea • 157031,100 km2 (12,000 sq mi)• 179023,885 km2 (9,222 sq&#...
Harry Arthur Crowhurst (14 March 1868 – 8 December 1943) was a photographer, optician and partner in a lantern and optical supply business. Life and Times In 1868, Crowhurst was born at St George the Martyr, London. He was the son of William Henry and Julia Ann Crowhurst. He had one brother, Walter William, and 2 sisters, Ellen Mable and Julia May.[1] In 1943, he died at Southampton, Hampshire, England.[2] In 1891, the Census of England and Wales noted that Crowhurst, age 2...
.jpg)
