Geographically, the Adamawa languages lie near the location of the postulated Niger–Congo – Central Sudanic contact that may have given rise to the Atlantic–Congo family, and so may represent the central radiation of that family[citation needed].
Classification
Joseph Greenberg postulated the Adamawa languages as a part of Adamawa–Ubangian (then called Adamawa–Eastern), and divided them into 14 numbered groups. Group G3, Daka (or Dakoid), is now known to be a branch of Benue–Congo. The relationships of the other branches has undergone considerable revision.
There have also been recent attempts at computationally classifying the Adamawa languages.[1]
Roger Blench (2012)[23] concludes that the Adamawa languages are a geographic grouping, not a language family, and breaks up its various branches in his proposed Savannas family. He places some of the western Adamawa languages closer to the Gur languages than to other Adamawa families. Fali is tentatively excluded from Savannas altogether. Blench (2020) retains a connection between Mumuye and Yendang, but breaks up Kleinewillinghöfer's Samba-Duru.
Unclassified Adamawa languages
The Oblo language of Cameroon has been included in several versions of the Adamawa group, but its position within it is unclear.[24]
It has been speculated that the unclassified Laal language of Chad may be Adamawa; the Jalaa language of Nigeria is probably not Adamawa, but shows heavy Adamawa influence. However, both are generally now considered to be language isolates.
Comparative vocabulary
This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used.See why.(September 2021)
Sample basic vocabulary of Adamawa languages from Kleinewillinghöfer's Adamawa Languages Project website and various other sources:[5]
Note: In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.
^Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963). The Languages of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Heavily revised version of Greenberg 1955. From the same publisher: second, revised edition, 1966; third edition, 1970. All three editions simultaneously published at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)
^Boyd, Raymond. 1989. Adamawa-Ubangi. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family, 178-215. Lanham MD, New York & London: University Press of America.
^Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN978-3-11-042606-9.
^Kastenholz, Raimund; Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. Nimbari as a language name. Adamawa Languages Project.
^Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
^Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2001. Jalaa - An Almost Forgotten Language of Northeastern Nigeria: A Language Isolate. In Nurse, Derek (ed.), Historical Language Contact in Africa, 239-271. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
^Shimizu, Kiyoshi (1979). A Comparative Study of the Mumuye Dialects (Nigeria). Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde. A-14. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer.
^Sweetman, Gary. 1981. A comparative study of Fali dialects. Yaoundé: SIL.
^Boyd, Raymond. 1974. Étude Comparative dans le groupe Adamawa. (Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France, 46.) Paris: Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique.
^Roberts, James. 1999. Goundo: langue tchadienne en voie d'extinction. In Travaux de linguistique Tchadienne, 1-13. N'Djaména, Tchad: N'Djamena: Université de N'Djamena.
^Nougayrol, Pierre. 1980. Le Day de Bouna (Tchad), II: Lexique Day-Français, Index Français-Day. Société d'Études Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 77-78. Paris: Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique.
^Boyeldieu, Pascal. n.d. Proto-bouaArchived 2022-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).
^Lionnet, Florian. n.d. Laal Swadesh listArchived 2021-01-05 at the Wayback Machine. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).
AdaGramArchived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine (CNRS-INALCO). Exploring Nigeria’s linguistic wealth: grammatical analysis and linguistic documentation of the Adamawa languages.
KemaKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan KemaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSulawesi UtaraKabupatenMinahasa UtaraKode Kemendagri71.06.01 Kode BPS7106010 Desa/kelurahan10 Perahu di pantai Kema (tahun 1930-an) Kema adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Batas wilayah Kecamatan Kema adalah di sebelah utara berbatasan dengan Kota Bitung, di sebelah timur dengan Laut Maluku, di sebelah selatan dengan Kecamatan Kombi, Kabupaten Minahasa, dan di sebelah barat dengan ...
Abdul Hamid Abulung al-BanjariBiografiKematian1788 Tempat pemakamanMakam Syekh Abdul Hamid Abulung Data pribadiAgamaIslam KegiatanPekerjaanUlama Syekh Abdul Hamid Abulung Al-Banjari atau lebih dikenal dengan Datu Abulung adalah salah satu ulama Banjar yang berpengaruh pada masanya. Beliau juga yang pernah menggemparkan Kalimantan dengan paham Wahdatul Wujud.[1] Ia dihukum mati oleh keputusan Sultan Tahmidillah, atas pertimbangan Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari yang waktu itu menjabat...
Azis GagapAzis pada tahun 2023LahirMuhammad Azis22 Desember 1973 (umur 50)Jakarta, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainAzis GagapPekerjaanPemeranpelawakTahun aktif1991—sekarangSuami/istri Nurhasanah Dewi Keke (m. 2016) Anak3 Muhammad Azis dikenal sebagai Azis Gagap (lahir 22 Desember 1973) adalah pemeran dan pelawak Indonesia. Karier Azis mengawali karier melawak melalui panggung lenong dari satu kelurahan ke kelurahan lain.[1] Selanju...
Strada statale 599del Trasimeno InferioreDenominazioni successiveStrada regionale 599 del Trasimeno Inferiore LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regioni Umbria DatiClassificazioneStrada statale InizioMagione FineSS 71 presso Stazione di Panicale-Sanfatucchio Lunghezza19,630[1] km Provvedimento di istituzioneD.M. 16/07/1969 - G.U. 226 del 05/09/1969[2] GestoreANAS (1969-2001) Manuale La ex strada statale 599 del Trasimeno Inferiore (SS 599), ora strada regionale 599 del Trasi...
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il pittore danese, vedi Andreas Möller (pittore). Andreas Möller Möller in azione alla Juventus nei primi anni 90 Nazionalità Germania Ovest Germania (dal 1990) Altezza 181 cm Peso 70 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex centrocampista) Termine carriera 2004 - giocatore Carriera Giovanili 1973-1981 BSC Schwarz-Weiß 1919 Frankfurt1981-1985 Eintracht Francoforte Squadre di club1 1985-1987 Eintracht Francoforte35 (5)1988-1990 Borussia Dort...
American general in the American Revolutionary War For the Canadian businessman, see Horatio Gates (businessman). Horatio GatesGates in a c. 1794 portrait by Gilbert Stuart, on display at the Metropolitan Museum of ArtBorn(1727-07-26)July 26, 1727Maldon, Essex, Great BritainDiedApril 10, 1806(1806-04-10) (aged 78)New York City, U.S.BuriedTrinity Church graveyard in New York CityAllegiance Kingdom of Great Britain United StatesService/branch British Army Continental ArmyYea...
American football player (born 1996) American football player Marshon LattimoreLattimore with the Saints in 2021No. 23 – New Orleans SaintsPosition:CornerbackPersonal informationBorn: (1996-05-20) May 20, 1996 (age 27)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.Height:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:192 lb (87 kg)Career informationHigh school:Glenville (Cleveland, Ohio)College:Ohio State (2014–2016)NFL draft:2017 / Round: 1 / Pick: 11Career history New Orleans Saints (...
Северный морской котик Самец Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапси...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. SDN 003 BulangInformasiJenisSekolah NegeriAlamatLokasiPulau Akar, Batam, Kepri, IndonesiaMoto SDN 003 Bulang, merupakan salah satu Sekolah Menengah Dasar Negeri yang ada di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, yang beralamat di Pulau Akar - Batam. Sama deng...
جورادن الإحداثيات 47°19′18″N 106°54′36″W / 47.321666666667°N 106.91°W / 47.321666666667; -106.91 [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1896 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة غارفيلد عاصمة لـ مقاطعة غارفيلد خصائص جغرافية المساحة 0.903828 كيلومتر مرب...
Range of hills in Minnesota, US This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is about the ridge in Minnesota and South Dakota. For ridge in Tennessee, see Buffalo Ridge (Tennessee). Buffalo Ridge is a large expanse of rolling hills in the southeastern part of the larger Coteau des Prairi...
Zoo in Queens, New York Queens ZooLogo of Queens Zoo, part of the Wildlife Conservation SocietyAndean bear female at the zoo.40°44′37″N 73°50′55″W / 40.74374°N 73.848592°W / 40.74374; -73.848592Date openedOctober 26, 1968(as Flushing Meadow Zoo)[1]June 25, 1992(as Queens Zoo)[2]LocationQueens, New York, United StatesLand area18 acres (7.3 ha)[1]No. of species75+[3]MembershipsAZA[4]ManagementWildlife Conservation ...
Italo-brasilianiÍtalo-brasileirosLuogo d'origine Italia Popolazione316.699 cittadini italiani ca. 25-30.000.000 oriundi LinguaPortoghese, talian ed italiano Religionecattolicesimo Distribuzione Brasileincerto tra i 25 e i 30.000.000 Manuale Manifesto agli emigranti. Stima del numero di emigranti italiani in Brasile nel periodo 1876-1920, divisi per regione di provenienza[1][2] Un italo-brasiliano è una persona nata in Brasile con antenati italiani, o un itali...
Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2014-10) Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan. För andra betydelser, se Nederländerna. Nederländerna 1477. Nederländerna eller Lågländerna är en historisk beteckning på det område som i dag omfattar staterna Nederländerna och Belgien, samt Luxemburg och del...
Railway station in Montreal, Canada This article is about the railway station. For the bus station, see Gare d'autocars de Montréal. Montreal Central StationGare centrale de MontréalMontreal Central Station, Christmas 2016General informationLocation895 De la Gauchetière Street WestMontreal, QuebecCoordinates45°29′59″N 73°34′00″W / 45.4996°N 73.5668°W / 45.4996; -73.5668Owned byCominar REIT (since 2012)Homburg Invest Inc. (2007–2012)CN (1943–2007)Line...
This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.It is of interest to the following WikiProjects:Mathematics Mathematics portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject Mathematics, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of mathematics on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.MathematicsWikipedia:WikiProject MathematicsTemplate:WikiProject Mathemat...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) معتقل أنصار أقامه جيش الاحتلال الصهيوني إبّان احتلاله لجنوب لبنان. افتتح في 14 يوليو/ تموز 1982 في أعقاب الا�...
فلكي زاوية الشارع في مدينة نيويورك في عام 1921. فلك الأرصفة[1] أو فلك زاوية الشارع[2][3] هو نشاط يقوم بة هواة ومحبي الفلك بنصب تليسكوب في بيئة مدنية على أساس ربحي أو غير ربحي أو للترفية وللتعليم العام. يهدف فلكيوا الارصفة إلى تمكين أكبر عدد ممكن من الناس من مشاهدة الا�...
Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev (bahasa Azerbaijan: İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev) (lahir 24 Desember 1961) adalah Presiden Azerbaijan saat ini. Ia juga Ketua Partai Azerbaijan Baru atau Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası. Ilham Aliyev pertama kali diangkat sebagai presiden pada 2003 menggantikan ayahnya, Heydar Aliyev. Dia memenangkan pemilu lima kali berturut-turut, termasuk pemilu terakhir pada Februari 2024. Ia dikenal sebagai diktator di negara bekas Uni Soviet tersebut tanpa adanya pemilu yang adil, k...
