Acetogenesis

Acetogenesis is a process through which acetyl-CoA[1] or acetic acid is produced by anaerobic bacteria through the reduction of CO2 via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Other microbial processes that produce acetic acid (like certain types of fermentation or the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates or ethanol by acetic acid bacteria) are not considered acetogenesis. The diverse bacterial species capable of acetogenesis are collectively called acetogens.

Reduction of CO2 to acetic acid via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway requires an electron source (e.g., H2, CO, formate, etc.).[2] When acetogens are grown autotrophically, they synthesize acetic acid only through the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway; but when they are grown heterotrophically, they can produce additional acetic acid by oxidation of the carbon source (carbohydrates, organic acids, or alcohols).[1] Once produced, acetyl-CoA can be incorporated into biomass or converted to acetic acid.[1]

Discovery

In 1932, organisms were discovered that could convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into acetic acid. The first acetogenic bacterium species, Clostridium aceticum, was discovered in 1936 by Klaas Tammo Wieringa. A second species, Moorella thermoacetica, attracted wide interest because of its ability, reported in 1942, to convert glucose into three moles of acetic acid,[3] a process called homoacetate fermentation.[1]

Biochemistry

The precursor to acetic acid is the thioester acetyl CoA. The key aspects of the acetogenic pathway are several reactions that include the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) and the attachment of CO to a methyl group (–CH3) and coenzyme A. The first process is catalyzed by enzymes called carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. The coupling of the methyl group (provided by methylcobalamin), the CO, and the coenzyme A is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthase.[4]

The global reduction reaction of CO2 into acetic acid by H2 is the following:

2 CO2 + 4 H2 → CH3COOH + 2 H2O         ΔG° = −95 kJ/mol[3]

The conversion of one mole of glucose into three moles of acetic acid is also a thermodynamically favorable reaction:

C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH                           ΔG° = −310.9 kJ/mol[3]

However, what matters for the cell is how much ATP is generated. This depends on the substrate.[1]

Applications

The unique metabolism of acetogens has significance in biotechnological uses. In carbohydrate fermentations, the decarboxylation reactions end in the conversion of organic carbon into carbon dioxide. In the production of biofuels, the need to reduce CO2 emissions as well as the need to be competitive mean that this inefficiency should perhaps be eliminated by using acetogens. Acetogenesis does not replace glycolysis with a different pathway, but rather captures the CO2 from glycolysis and uses it to produce acetic acid. Although three molecules of acetic acid can be produced in this way, production of three molecules of ethanol would require an additional reducing agent such as hydrogen gas.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Schuchmann K, Müller V (July 2016). "Energetics and Application of Heterotrophy in Acetogenic Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 82 (14): 4056–69. Bibcode:2016ApEnM..82.4056S. doi:10.1128/AEM.00882-16. PMC 4959221. PMID 27208103.
  2. ^ Singleton P (2006). "Acetogenesis". Dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology (3rd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-03545-0.
  3. ^ a b c Ragsdale SW, Pierce E (December 2008). "Acetogenesis and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of CO2 fixation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1784 (12): 1873–98. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.012. PMC 2646786. PMID 18801467.
  4. ^ Ragsdale SW (August 2006). "Metals and their scaffolds to promote difficult enzymatic reactions". Chemical Reviews. 106 (8): 3317–37. doi:10.1021/cr0503153. PMID 16895330.

Read other articles:

Jonathan Mensah

Jonathan Mensah Mensah bersama Columbus Crew pada 2017Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Jonathan MensahTanggal lahir 13 Juli 1990 (umur 33)Tempat lahir Accra, GhanaTinggi 1,88 m (6 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini San Jose EarthquakesNomor 4Karier junior2004–2006 Ashanti GoldKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2007–2008 Ashanti Gold 29 (2)2008–2009 Free State Stars 39 (2)2010–2011 Udinese 0 (0)2010–2011 → Granada (pinjaman) 15 (1)2011–2016 �...

 

Kampanye pengepungan keempat melawan Jiangxi Soviet

Kampanye pengepungan keempatBagian dari Perang Saudara TiongkokLokasi JiangxiTanggalJanuari - 22 Maret 1933LokasiJiangxiHasil Tentara Merah Tiongkok menangPihak terlibat Tentara Revolusioner Nasional Tentara Merah TiongkokTokoh dan pemimpin Chiang Kai-shek He Yingqin Chen Cheng Cai Tingkai Zhu De Zhou Enlai Bo Gu Li DeKekuatan 500.000+ 70.000+Korban 30.000 ? lbsPerang Saudara TiongkokPertempuran utama dalam huruf tebal Pembantaian Shanghai Pemberontakan Panen Musim Gugur Baise Guangzhou Nanch...

 

Khwarezmia

Khwarezmia atau Khawarizmi adalah nama dari beberapa wilayah yang berpusat di delta sungai Amu Darya di Laut Aral, yang melingkupi wilayah Iran Raya (termasuk wilayah Uzbekistan sekarang). Disini pernah berdiri Kekaisaran Khwarezmia. Kekuasaannya meliputi dataran tinggi Ust-Urt dan kemungkinan membentang ke barat sampai ke pantai timur dari Laut Kaspia bagian utara. Pada sebelah selatan, ia berbatasan dengan Khorasan Raya, pada bagian utara dengan kerajaan suku Alan, pada bagian tenggara deng...

Limburg (Belanda)

Limburg beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk provinsi di Belgia, lihat Limburg (Belgia). Provincie Limburg Provinsi Limburg Bendera Lambang Map: Provinsi Limburg di Belanda Ibu kota Maastricht Komisaris Raja Emile Roemer (SP) Limburg satu-satunya provinsidi Belanda yang menyebut Komisioner Ratu sebagai gubernur. Agama (2015) Katolik 64% Protestan 4% Muslim 4% ireligius 28% Luas • Darat • Air  2,145 km² (ke-9)65 km² Populasi (2023) • Total • Kepadatan 1,128,000...

 

Vicky Prasetyo

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang Vicky Prasetyo. Untuk Vicky Prasetyo Rungkad, lihat Vicky Tri Prasetyo. Vicky PrasetyoLahirHendrianto Prasetyo18 April 1984 (umur 39)Bekasi, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainVicky PrasetyoPekerjaanSelebriti, Pelawak, Presenter, PenyanyiTahun aktif2015–sekarangPartai politikPerindoSuami/istriRama Nuraini ​ ​(m. 2005; c. 2014)​ Angel Lelga ​ ​(m. 2018;...

 

Home in Halifax

1993 live album by Stan RogersHome In HalifaxLive album by Stan RogersReleased1993RecordedMarch 12, 1982GenreFolkLength64:01LabelFogarty's Cove MusicProducerPaul MillsStan Rogers chronology From Fresh Water(1984) Home In Halifax(1993) From Coffee House to Concert Hall(1999) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link Home in Halifax is a 1993 live album by Stan Rogers.[1] It was recorded by the CBC during a concert Rogers performed at the Rebecca Cohn Auditorium...

Royal College of Surgeons of England

Professional body in England, United Kingdom Not to be confused with Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, or Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Royal College of Surgeons of EnglandOrganisation headquarters in Lincoln's Inn Fields, LondonEstablished1800; 224 years ago (1800)TypeMedical royal collegeHeadquartersLincoln's Inn Fields, London, EnglandMembers 27,753 (2021)[1]PresidentTim MitchellAffiliationsAcademy...

 

Gunung Tangkuban Parahu

Untuk tempat lain yang bernama sama, lihat Cagar Alam Tangkuban Perahu. Tangkuban Parahuᮌᮥᮔᮥᮀ ᮒᮀᮊᮥᮘᮔ᮪ ᮕᮛᮠᮥPanorama Gunung Tangkuban Parahu dilihat dari sisi PerhotelanTitik tertinggiKetinggian2.084 m (6.837 ft)[1]Koordinat6°46′S 107°36′E / 6.77°S 107.60°E / -6.77; 107.60Koordinat: 6°46′S 107°36′E / 6.77°S 107.60°E / -6.77; 107.60 [1]Lokasi Gunung Tangkuban ParahuHidr...

 

Massa molekul relatif

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Massa molar atau Nomor massa. Spektrum spektrometri massa dari unsur boron, memperlihatkan dua puncak yang menandakan kelimpahan isotop unsur ini. Massa molekul relatif (Ar) atau disebut pula massa molekul (m) adalah massa suatu molekul, yang diukur dalam satuan massa atom (u atau Da).[1][2] Molekul berbeda dengan senyawa yang sama mungkin memiliki massa molekul yang berbeda karena mengandung isotop dari suatu unsur yang berbeda. Kuantitas terkait ya...

Nukufotu

NukufotuL'île aux oiseaux (mul) Nukufotu (premier plan) et Nukuloa vus du ciel (l'île principale de Wallis à l'arrière-plan), à marée haute. Géographie Pays France Localisation Océan Pacifique Coordonnées 13° 11′ 07″ S, 176° 12′ 16″ O Administration Collectivité d'outre-mer Wallis-et-Futuna Autres informations Fuseau horaire UTC+12 Géolocalisation sur la carte : Wallis NukufotuNukufotu Géolocalisation sur la carte : océan Pa...

 

الجيش اللوكسومبورغي

الجيش اللوكسومبورغي الدولة  لوكسمبورغ التأسيس 16 فبراير 1881  اسم آخر الجيش القيادة القائد العام رئيس الأركان الوزير وزير الدفاع رتبة الوزير جان ماري القائد رئيس الدفاع رتبة القائد غاستون الموارد البشرية سن الخدمة العسكرية 18-24 الأفراد في الخدمة 2,775 الاحتياط 2,703 النفقات...

 

Ludwig Manzel

German sculptor, painter and graphic artist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ludwig Manzel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ludwig Manzel (1912), by Fritz Burger (1877-1916), the art historian. Karl Ludwig Manzel (3 June 1858,...

Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre

OpenStreetMap view Olympic harbor for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens The Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre hosted the sailing events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.[1] The center is located about four miles from downtown Athens along the coast. It was officially opened on August 2, 2004, a few weeks before the Olympics, though test events were conducted at the site in August 2002 and 2003. The center had a capacity of 1,600 for the medal ceremonies. After the Olym...

 

Amanda Smith

African-American evangelist For other people named Amanda Smith, see Amanda Smith (disambiguation). Amanda SmithAmanda Smith by T. B. Latchmore, circa 1885.BornAmanda Berry(1837-01-23)January 23, 1837Long Green, MarylandDiedFebruary 25, 1915(1915-02-25) (aged 78)Sebring, FloridaOccupationEvangelistNotable workAn Autobiography: The Story of the Lord's Dealings with Mrs. Amanda Smith the Colored Evangelist, 1893 Amanda Smith (née Berry; January 23, 1837 – February 24, 1915)[1 ...

 

The Spire (comics)

The SpireCover of The Spire #1, showing ShåPublication informationPublisherBoom! StudiosFormatLimited seriesGenre Fantasy, mystery No. of issues8Creative teamWritten bySimon SpurrierArtist(s)Jeff StokelyLetterer(s)Steve WandsColorist(s)André May The Spire is an American weird fantasy / mystery[1] comics series written by Simon Spurrier and drawn by Jeff Stokely. The eight-issue limited series[2] has been published since 2015 by Boom! Studios. The series was nominated for an ...

América del Sur

América del Sur Gentilicio: sudamericano, -na[1]​suramericano, -na[2]​ Superficie 17 855 914 km²Población 442 000 000 hab.Densidad 24,2 hab./km²Países  ArgentinaBolivia BoliviaBrasil BrasilChile ChileColombia ColombiaEcuador EcuadorGuyana GuyanaParaguay ParaguayPerú PerúSurinam SurinamTrinidad y Tobago Trinidad y Tobago[3]​Uruguay UruguayVenezuela VenezuelaRegiones de ultramar  Guay...

 

Chester Harding (painter)

American painter Chester HardingHarding, c. 1860 – c. 1865Born(1792-09-01)September 1, 1792Conway, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedApril 1, 1866(1866-04-01) (aged 73)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Alma materPhiladelphia Academy of DesignSpouse Caroline Matilda Woodruff ​ ​(m. 1815; died 1845)​ Chester Harding (September 1, 1792 – April 1, 1866)[1] was an American portrait painter known for his paintings of prominent fig...

 

Ihor Snurnicyn

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori ucraini è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Ihor SnurnicynNazionalità Ucraina Altezza178 cm Peso69 kg Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Zorja CarrieraGiovanili 2016-2017 Olimpik Donec'k Squadre di club1 2017-2021 Olimpik Donec'k47 (0)2021- Zorja9 (0) Nazionale 2016-2017 Ucraina U-179 (1)2018-2019 Ucraina U-199 (1)2019 Ucraina U-201...

Nunuk Nuraini

Food scientist who invented Indomie brand mi goreng flavor instant noodles Nunuk NurainiBorn1961 (1961)[1]Died27 January 2021(2021-01-27) (aged 59–60)EmployerIndofoodKnown forIndomie mi goreng instant noodles Nunuk Nuraini (1961 – 27 January 2021), also known as Bu Nunuk (Mrs. Nunuk), was an Indonesian food scientist who invented Indomie's mi goreng-flavor instant noodles.[1][2] West Java governor Ridwan Kamil called her pahlawan bagi anak-anak kos (...

 

Kipling, Saskatchewan

Town in Saskatchewan, Canada Town in Saskatchewan, CanadaKiplingTownKiplingLocation of Kipling in SaskatchewanCoordinates: 50°6′5.36″N 102°37′56.64″W / 50.1014889°N 102.6324000°W / 50.1014889; -102.6324000CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanRural municipalityKingsleyGovernment • MayorPatricia Jackson[1]Population • Total1,140Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))Websitehttp://www.townofkipling.ca/ Kipling is a town in southeast Saskat...