Academic dress of Chulalongkorn University

PhD graduate wearing an academic gown (Graduate School) over a civil servant uniform. The gown can also be worn with formal dresses.

The academic dress of Chulalongkorn University (Thai: ครุยวิทยฐานะของจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย) in Thailand is a long-sleeved gown made from light mesh, faced and bordered with a specially designed felt strip. The same strip is also attached to elbows and wrists. The gown itself is adapted from the ceremonial attire called khrui, traditionally worn by government executives and peers to reflect their status. The gown and the academic badge were devised during Prajadhipok's reign.[1][2]

The gown is open-front and calf-length, resembling the dress used in the United Kingdom, but without hood and cap. Yoke is not gathered or pleated; and sleeves are not loose. Degree and status of the wearer are reflected by colour of the felt strip. The colour scheme is similar to one used in many universities in the United Kingdom, such as the University of Oxford,[3] University of Bristol[4] and University of Manchester.[5]

To comply with regulations and due to its transparency, the gown must be worn over an official or formal dress.[6] Since its invention, many Thai universities adopted the similar gown but with different patterns for their graduates.

History

Since the establishment of Chulalongkorn Civil Service College in 1899, there was no symbol marking the graduation of students. In 1914, Vajiravudh ordered the academic badge to be designed. Graduates and school employees may pin the badge on the left chest, just like wearing the academic gown.[2] The gown, however, was not yet designed since Chulalongkorn's Civil Service College was unable to confer the bachelor's degree or beyond; only a diploma was issued to graduates.

As the college gained the university status in 1917, its academics were rapidly enhanced to the extent that it began granting degrees in 1928.[7] The idea of a well-designed and respectable academic dress was raised.[8] At that time, the use of khrui was strictly limited that it can only be worn by pre-ordained monks, royal family members and government ministers.[9] Due to the restriction, the university asked Prajadhipok for the permission to use the traditional gown. The university also discussed the most suitable pattern of dress and the corresponding regulation with the ministers for education and justice. Finally, the king asked that the discussion must be made among ministers and himself. This resulted in the introduction of the present design in 1930.[10][11]

For bachelors and masters, the gowns are decorated with a black felt strip. These resemble black BA and MA gowns used by Oxford,[3] Cambridge[12] and many British universities. Black, according to the Thai astrology, also symbolizes Saturday, Vajiravudh's birthday. Doctor's gown are faced with a scarlet strip, which is similar to the colour of Oxford's full-dress doctoral gown.[3] Scarlet also represents Chulalongkorn's birthday.[13] Despite similar colour schemes, shapes of the British and Thai gowns are completely different. Thai gown tends to be simpler. The sleeves are as long as wrist and cylindrical in shape for all degrees and statuses. The colours apply only to the strip, not to the whole gown. There is no special gown for graduates honoris causa. Doctorates, whether honorary or earned, wear the same gown. British gown, on the other hand, has more sophisticated features. These include a gathered or pleated yoke, a flap collar, different sleeve styles for different degrees, various types of hood, and headgear. British and commonwealth universities often have a distinctively designed gown for honorary graduates, which are often different from that for PhDs.

Another distinctive design with a light yellow facing is reserved for King of Thailand, who is the university's official visitor. In 1980, another kind of academic dress for lecturers and university council members was designed in similar pattern to the graduates, but faced and bordered with pink felt.[14][15]

Specification

Academic dress consists of a long-sleeved gown, faced and bordered with 10 cm-wide felt strip, decorated with golden brocade. The elbow and wrist is wrapped with the same strip. For the king's gown, the yellow facing is used and 5 cm-wide brocade is attached centrally. Two more 1 cm brocade strips are added to both sides of the felt strip. Silver Phra Kiao badges are pinned to the breast portion of the felt strip.

Prajadhipok's royal academic dress (as Visitor to the University)

For those who are admitted to the doctoral degree, a gown with scarlet facing is used. Two 1 cm brocade strips are added to the outer edges of the felt strip. 0.75 cm blank, 0.5 cm tape, 0.75 cm blank and 1 cm tape are stitched in respective order from outer tapes to the centre. A felt coloured band is attached to the centre of the felt strip, corresponding to the faculty (not to the degree granted). If the degree is awarded in the name of the whole university rather than the faculty, the pink band is stitched. This also applies when the faculty does not have its colour. Similar to the king's gown, silver badges are pinned at the chest level. The master's gown is similar to the doctor's gown, but a red felt strip is replaced by the black one. For bachelors, the gown is similar to that for masters but the coloured band is replaced by yarn of the same colour.

For academics, the gown is bordered and faced with a pink felt strip decorated and arranged in a similar manner to graduates, centred with a golden yarn. Noticeably, a BA/BSc/BEcon gown for the faculty of economics and a lecturer's gown are similar in pattern; the only difference is the facing colour. Members of the university council use the same gown as lecturers, but the gold badges are used instead of silver ones.

In 2021, another gown was created for deputy vice-chancellor, assistants to the vice-chancellor, deans, directors and other executives of the university. The pattern is similar to that for members of the council but with smaller badges (about two-third of the original size).[16]

Chancellor and chair of the university council,[note 1] and president/vice-chancellor use the same gown as council members, but a gold chain of the specified pattern is hung between the two badges.[14][15]

Gowns of similar but different patterns have been adopted by other Thai universities. For example, King Mongkut's Universities of Technology,[17] Mae Fah Luang University,[18] Khon Kaen University,[19] Naresuan University,[20] all Rajamangala Universities of Technology[21] and some Rajabhat Universities.[22] It is notable that almost all adaptations do not vary the colour of gown or its facing. Instead, three stripes are added to the arms or elbows of a PhD gown, just like three velvet chevrons on an American doctoral gown. As a deviation from the original traditions, two and one stripes are for master and bachelor respectively.

Following figures depict few examples of felt strips used to face and bind the academic dress used by the university.

Visitor

Officers

Graduates

Faculty colours and acronyms

A coloured band or yarn is stitched longitudinally to the centre of the felt strip, corresponding to the degree granting faculty. If the faculty does not have its specific colour or the degree is centrally awarded by the university (e.g. Doctor of the University), the colour shall be pink, the university colour. As an example, an MRes/MSc graduate from engineering uses firebrick, while yellow is used to denote science. The faculty colours of the university are listed below.[15][23]

Faculty Acronym (in Thai) Colour
University degrees จฬ   Pink
Allied Health Sciences สว   Indigo
Architecture สถ   Brown
Arts   Grey[note 2]
Commerce and Accountancy[note 3] พศ   Sky blue
Communication Arts นศ   Dark blue
Dentistry   Amethyst
Economics   Gold
Education   Orange-red
Engineering วศ   Firebrick[note 2]
Fine and Applied Arts ศป   Red
Law   White
Medicine   Forest green[note 2]
Nursing[note 4][note 5] พย   Scarlet
Pharmacy   Olive drab
Political Science   Black
Psychology   Navy blue
Science วท   Yellow[note 2]
Sport Science วก   Orange
School of Agricultural Resources ทก   Vermilion
Veterinary Medicine สพ   Blue-grey
College of Population Studies ปก   Violet
College of Public Health Sciences วส   Tiffany Blue
Petroleum and Petrochemistry College ปป   Maize
Graduate School   Magenta

Academic badge

Academic badge (Graduate School)

The academic badge of the university was designed in 1914 as a silver (or chromium-plated brass) badge depicting Phra Kiao sitting on a round pillow, which is the personal emblem for Chulalongkorn and the university's emblem. The Thai acronym for the faculty is inscribed beneath the pillow. Graduate's name, programme and year of graduation may be etched on the back of the badge. Regardless of the degree level, there is only one style for a particular faculty.

All degree holders (including honorary degrees) are eligible to pin this badge on the left breast of national dress, uniform, or polite attire, preferably over the ribbon bar. For diploma graduates, the badge is switched to the right.[6] In the past, this badge can also be worn by university employees in the performance of his/her duties.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In Thailand, chair of the university council is the ceremonial head of the university. He/she also leads the university council/board of trustees; approves or rejects ordinances; and gives advice to the university president/vice-chancellor. Being the ceremonial head, he/she is also the chancellor of the university.
  2. ^ a b c d Original colour proposed in 1930.
  3. ^ The same colour is also for Sasin, whose acronym is ศศ.
  4. ^ Also for graduates from the Royal Thai Police Nursing College, which is an independent institute associated with the university. The college and the university jointly organize teaching and training. At the graduation, however, the university admitted students into appropriate degrees.
  5. ^ The Thai Red Cross College of Nursing lost the status of associate institute with the university in 2016, as it gained the university status.

References

  1. ^ Royal Society of Thailand. '"Khrui"' in Thai Encyclopedia Vol 5. 1962 (in Thai)
  2. ^ a b c ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกำหนดเข็มโรงเรียนข้าราชการพลเรือน, เล่ม ๓๑, ตอน ๐ ก, ๑๗ พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. ๒๔๕๗, หน้า ๑๒๙ (Royal Decree on Academic Badge for Chulalongkorn Civil Service College, 1914)
  3. ^ a b c "Academic Dress". University of Oxford.
  4. ^ "REGULATIONS FOR ACADEMIC AND OFFICIAL COSTUME" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  5. ^ "Schedule of General Regulations:XIII Academic Dress". University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  6. ^ a b "ข้อบังคับจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยว่าด้วยโอกาสและเงื่อนไขการใช้ครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๓" (PDF). 5 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-24. Retrieved 2017-10-06. (University Regulation on usage conditions for academic dress and badge, 2010)
  7. ^ CU's Evolution Archived April 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Chulalongkorn University Memorial Hall (in Thai).
  8. ^ New Students' Manual, Chulalongkorn University, pp.29-31
  9. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกำหนดเสื้อครุย ร.ศ.๑๓๐, เล่ม ๓๑, หน้า ๑๒๙-๑๓๑ (Suea Khrui Act 1911)
  10. ^ First Graduation Ceremony in Thailand Archived April 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Chulalongkorn University Memorial Hall (in Thai)
  11. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกำหนดเสื้อครุยบัณฑิตของจุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย พ.ศ.๒๔๗๓, เล่ม ๔๗ หน้า ๙๒-๙๖ (Academic dress act 1930)
  12. ^ "Statues and Ordinances of The University of Cambridge, Chapter II" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  13. ^ "เสื้อครุยพระราชทาน (Royal Academic Dress)". Chulalongkorn University. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  14. ^ a b ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พระราชกฤษฎีกาว่าด้วยปริญญาในสาขาวิชา อักษรย่อสำหรับสาขาวิชา ครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ครุยวิทยฐานะ และเข็มวิทยฐานะ ของจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย พ.ศ.๒๕๒๓, เล่ม ๙๗, ตอน ๑๐๕, ๙ กรกฎาคม ๒๕๒๓, หน้า ๑ - ๘ (Regulation on degree granted, degree acronyms, academic dress and badge, 1980)
  15. ^ a b c ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศจุฬาฯ ว่าด้วยการกำหนดปริญญาในสาขาวิชา อักษรย่อสำหรับสาขาวิชา ครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง พ.ศ.๒๕๕๓, เล่ม ๑๒๗, ตอนพิเศษ ๕๒ ง, ๒๖ เมษายน ๒๕๕๓, หน้า ๒๐ - ๒๔ (Regulation on degree granted, degree acronyms, academic dress, academic badge and faculty dress, 2010)
  16. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศจุฬาฯ เรื่อง ลักษณะครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง พ.ศ.๒๕๖๔, เล่ม ๑๓๙ ตอนพิเศษ ๕ ง, ๘ มกราคม ๒๕๖๕ (University ordinance on academic dress, academic badge and official dress 2021)
  17. ^ "ประกาศ มจธ. เรื่อง ครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ครุยวิทยฐานะ และเข็มวิทยฐานะฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๔๔". 20 July 2001. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017. (KMUTT's ordinance on academic gowns and badges, 2001)
  18. ^ "ข้อกำหนด มฟล. ว่าด้วยครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ครุยวิทยฐานะ และเข็มวิทยฐานะฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๔๖" (PDF). 28 February 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2017. (Mae Fah Luang University's specification on officer's dress, academic dress and academic badge, 2003)
  19. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศ มข. เรื่อง ครุย เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง ฯ พ.ศ.๒๕๖๐, เล่ม ๑๓๔ ตอนพิเศษ ๑๓๔ ง, หน้า ๓๙-๔๐ (Khon Kaen University's regulation on academic gown and badge, 2017)
  20. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พรฎ ว่าด้วยปริญญา อักษรย่อ ครุย เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่งฯ ของ มน. พ.ศ.๒๕๕๐, เล่ม ๑๒๔ ตอนที่ ๑๐๒ ก, หน้า ๑๒ (Naresuan University Phitsanulok's ordinance on academic degrees, gown and badge, 2007)
  21. ^ For example, see ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, พรฎ.ว่าด้วยปริญญาฯ ของ มทร.ล้านนา พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๔, เล่ม ๑๒๘ ตอนที่ ๔๘ ก, หน้า ๒๖-๓๒ (Act on Academic Degrees and Gowns for Rajamangala University of Technology, Lanna at Chiang Mai, 2011)
  22. ^ For example, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University: "ชุดครุยบัณฑิต มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสกลนคร". 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  23. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศจุฬาฯ ว่าด้วยการกำหนดปริญญาในสาขาวิชา อักษรย่อสำหรับสาขาวิชา ครุยวิทยฐานะ เข็มวิทยฐานะ และครุยประจำตำแหน่ง (ฉบับที่ ๒) พ.ศ.๒๕๕๗, เล่ม ๑๓๑, ตอนพิเศษ ๔๙ ง, ๑๘ มีนาคม ๒๕๕๗, หน้า ๓ (An amended regulation on degree and academic dress, 2014)

Read other articles:

Restaurant in Milan and Brussels , London and StockholmThe CubeThe Cube, located in Milan, ItalyRestaurant informationEstablished2011Owner(s)ElectroluxChefVariesFood typeVariesCityMilan and Brussels (2011)London and Stockholm (2012)Seating capacity18ReservationsReservations onlyWebsitewww.electrolux.co.uk/Cube/ The Cube is a pop-up restaurant created by Electrolux. Since 2011, two versions of the restaurant have been located in different cities in Europe, where a number of guest celebrity ch...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Ikhwan FatannaNama lahirIkhwan Fatanna bin MokhtarNama lainBlaine BakriLahir13 Juni 1990 (umur 33)Ampang, Selangor, MalaysiaGenrePop, R&B, balada, elektronikPekerjaanPenyanyi, penulis lagu, penulis lirik, produser rekamanInstrumenVokal, gitar...

 

Japanese tennis player Nao Hibino 日比野 菜緒Hibino at the 2022 French OpenNative name日比野 菜緒Country (sports) JapanResidenceIchinomiya, Aichi, JapanBorn (1994-11-28) 28 November 1994 (age 29)Ichinomiya, AichiHeight1.63 m (5 ft 4 in)PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)CoachEiji TakeuchiPrize moneyUS $2,857,318SinglesCareer record351–276 (56.0%)Career titles3Highest rankingNo. 56 (18 January 2016)Current rankingNo. 88 (15...

Fushun 抚顺Prefecture-level city抚顺市Tai'an Railway Station in FushunLocation of Fushun in LiaoningNegara TiongkokProvinsiLiaoningDistricts and counties Daftar Shuncheng DistrictXinfu DistrictDongzhou DistrictWanghua DistrictFushun CountyXinbin Manchu Autonomous CountyQingyuan Manchu Autonomous County Pemerintahan • CPC FushunCommittee SecretaryLuas • Prefecture-level city11.271 km2 (4,352 sq mi) • Luas perkotaan713 km2 (275&#...

 

Camille ClaudelPoster filmSutradaraBruno NuyttenProduserIsabelle AdjaniChristian FechnerDitulis olehBruno NuyttenMarilyn GoldinPemeranIsabelle AdjaniGérard DepardieuPenata musikGabriel YaredClaude Debussy(Musik non-asli)SinematograferPierre LhommePenyuntingJoëlle HacheJeanne KefDistributorGaumontTanggal rilis 7 Desember 1988 (1988-12-07) Durasi175 menitNegaraPrancisBahasaPrancisPendapatankotor$3,331,297 (AS)[1] Camille Claudel adalah sebuah film Prancis 1988 tentang kehid...

 

العلاقات النمساوية المالية النمسا مالي   النمسا   مالي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات النمساوية المالية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين النمسا ومالي.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة النمسا مال...

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: List of Conservative Party MPs in London – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) The Conservative Party members of Parliament make up the second largest group of MPs in the capital. The Conservative Party currently holds 20 seat...

 

Township in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States Township in New Hampshire, United StatesSargent's Purchase, New HampshireTownshipMount Washington Auto Road, approaching the summitCoordinates: 44°13′51″N 71°16′32″W / 44.23083°N 71.27556°W / 44.23083; -71.27556CountryUnited StatesStateNew HampshireCountyCoösArea[1] • Total25.88 sq mi (67.02 km2) • Land25.87 sq mi (67.00 km2) • W...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento metropolitana di Amburgo non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Niendorf Nord Stazione dellametropolitana di Amburgo GestoreHHA Inaugurazione1991 StatoIn uso LineaU2 TipologiaStazione sotterranea Niendorf Nord Metropolitane del mondo Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 53°38′26″N 9°57�...

Football clubJuan Pablo II CollegeFull nameAsociación Deportiva Cultural Juan Pablo II CollegeFounded2015; 9 years ago (2015)GroundEstadio Municipal de la Juventud, ChongoyapeCapacity2,000LeagueCopa Perú Home colours Asociación Deportiva Cultural Juan Pablo II College (sometimes referred as Juan Pablo II) is a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of Chongoyape, Chiclayo, Peru. History The Juan Pablo II College was founded on 2015. The club was the 2023 Liga Departa...

 

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题,请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译,也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议,译文需在编辑摘要注明来源,或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌:《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

Human settlement in EnglandSteventonSt Michael and All Angels parish churchSteventonLocation within OxfordshirePopulation1,485 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceSU465915Civil parishSteventonDistrictVale of White HorseShire countyOxfordshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townAbingdonPostcode districtOX13Dialling code01235PoliceThames ValleyFireOxfordshireAmbulanceSouth Central UK ParliamentWantageWebsiteSteventon Oxfordshire...

US Open 2010 Sport Tennis Data 30 agosto – 13 settembre Edizione 130a Categoria Grande Slam (ITF) Superficie Cemento Località New York negli Stati Uniti Impianto USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, Flushing Meadows Campioni Singolare maschile Rafael Nadal Singolare femminile Kim Clijsters Doppio maschile Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Doppio femminile Vania King / Jaroslava Švedova Doppio misto Liezel Huber / Bob Bryan Singolare ragazzi Jack Sock Singolare ragazze Dar'ja Gavrilova Dopp...

 

Прогрессивный рэп Направление хип-хоп Истоки хип-хоп, авангардная музыка, джаз, рок, соул Время и место возникновения 1980-е, США Музыкальные инструменты вокал, сэмплер, бас-гитара, клавишные, барабаны, гитара Производные гомо-хоп, политический хип-хоп См. также альтернативн...

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’astronautique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Le canon spatial du roman De la Terre à la Lune. Un canon spatial est une méthode de lancement d'un objet dans l'espace en utilisant un grand canon. Il fournit un moyen de lancement sans fusée[1]. Dans la culture Le canon spatial est le mode de lancement de la fusée dans le roman de Jules Verne De la Te...

Sports shooting at the Olympics Women's double trapat the Games of the XXVI OlympiadVenueWolf Creek Shooting ComplexCompetitors21 from 14 nationsWinning score141 (OR)Medalists Kim Rhode  United States Susanne Kiermayer  Germany Deserie Huddleston  Australia2000 → Shooting at the1996 Summer OlympicsRifle50 m rifle three positionsmenwomen50 m rifle pronemen10 m air riflemenwomenPistol50 m pistolmen25 m pistolwomen25 m rapid fire pistolmen10 m air pistolmenwo...

 

American multinational restaurant chain Pizza Hut, LLC Pizza Hut classic logo revived in the United States since 2019, alongside different logo used for the international markets since 2014The distinctive roof shape and lettering style shown here on this Pizza Hut in Athens, Ohio, were typical of U.S. Pizza Huts.Company typeSubsidiaryIndustry Pizzeria Restaurants GenreCasual diningtake-outFoundedMay 31, 1958; 66 years ago (1958-05-31)Wichita, Kansas, U.S.FoundersDan CarneyFr...

 

Eugène de SartigesFonctionsAmbassadeurSénateur du Second EmpireBiographieNaissance 17 janvier 1809GannatDécès 3 octobre 1892 (à 83 ans)8e arrondissement de ParisNom de naissance Étienne Gilbert Eugène de SartigesPseudonymes E S de Lavandais, Haçan Méhémet-KhanNationalité françaiseActivités Diplomate, homme politiquePère Charles-Gabriel-Eugène de Sartiges (d)Autres informationsDistinction Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur‎Archives conservées par Archives diplom...

College football game1980 Cotton Bowl Classic44th Cotton Bowl Classic Nebraska Cornhuskers Houston Cougars (10–1) (10–1) Big 8 SWC 14 17 Head coach: Tom Osborne Head coach: Bill Yeoman APCoaches 78 APCoaches 86 1234 Total Nebraska 7007 14 Houston 07010 17 DateJanuary 1, 1980Season1979StadiumCotton BowlLocationDallas, TexasMVPTerry Elston (Houston QB)David Hodge (Houston LB)FavoriteNebraska by 3½ points[1][2]RefereeRobert Aillet (SEC)Attendance72,032Un...

 

この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典が不足しています。存命人物の記事は特に、検証可能性を満たしている必要があります。(2023年12月) マークアップをスタイルマニュアルに沿った形に修正する必要があります。(2023年12月)出典検索?: エマニュエル・ムタイ – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー&...