The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 tropical cyclones, 15 named storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. The season officially lasted from June 1, 2001, to November 30, 2001, dates which by convention limit the period of each year when tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic Ocean basin. The season began with Tropical Storm Allison on June 4, and ended with Hurricane Olga, which dissipated on December 6.
The most damaging storms of the season were: Allison, which caused extensive flooding in Texas; Hurricane Iris, which struck Belize; and Hurricane Michelle, which left a trail of destruction across Cuba. Three tropical cyclones made landfall in the United States, three directly affected Canada, and three directly affected Mexico and Central America. Overall, the season caused 153 fatalities, and $11.44 billion (2001 USD) in damage. Due to their severe damage, the names Allison, Iris, and Michelle were retired by the World Meteorological Organization.
Seasonal forecasts
Predictions of tropical activity in the 2001 season
Gray's team defined the average number of storms per season (1950 to 2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, 2.3 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) and ACE Index 96.1.[8] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines a season as above-normal, near-normal or below-normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength and ACE Index.[9]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 7, 2000, Gray's team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2001 season, predicting above-average activity (13 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and about 4 of Category 3 or higher). It listed a 63 percent chance of at least one major hurricane striking the U.S. mainland. This included a 43 percent chance of at least one major hurricane strike on the East Coast, including the Florida peninsula, and a 36 percent chance of at least one such strike on the Gulf Coast from the Florida Panhandle westward. The potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was forecast to near average.[1]
On April 5, 2001, a new forecast was issued, calling for 12 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. The increase in the forecast was attributed to the warm sea surface temperatures, although the agency noted that the season would likely not be as active as previous ones due to the effect of a weak to moderate El Nino. The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was upped slightly to 65 percent; the East Coast potential also went up slightly, and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probability remained nearly the same.[4]
Mid-season forecasts
On August 7, 2001, Gray's team issued their first mid-season forecast for the 2001 season, keeping the forecast number at 12 named storms, with 7 becoming hurricanes and 3 becoming a major hurricane, noting that sea surface temperatures and sea level pressures continued to be favorable for above-average hurricane activity. The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was upped slightly once again to 69 percent; the East Coast potential also went up slightly to 50%, and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probability was also upped slightly.[6]
On August 8, 2001, NOAA revised its season estimate slightly upwards to nine to twelve named storms, of which 6 to 8 were to be hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes. The agency noted that sea surface temperatures continued to be favorable for above-average hurricane activity, and due to the likelihood that El Nino would not develop during the peak of the season, there was a reduced likelihood of a below-average year.[7]
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2001.[10] It was an above-average season in which 17 tropical cyclones formed. Fifteen depressions attained tropical storm status, and nine of these reached hurricane status. Four hurricanes further intensified into major hurricanes.[11] Favorable sea surface temperatures and sea-level pressures were the main factors in the season being above-average.[6] The season would mark the end of a streak of four consecutive above-average seasons, beginning in 1998. This remained a record until six consecutive seasons featured above-average activity from 2016 to 2021.[12] Four tropical cyclones during the season would degenerate in the deep tropics but later re-develop. Four other systems were classified as subtropical cyclones at some point in their duration, though each later became fully tropical systems.[13] Overall, the Atlantic tropical cyclones of 2001 collectively resulted in 153 deaths and around $11.94 billion in damage.[14] The season ended on November 30, 2001.[10]
Tropical cyclogenesis began in June, with Tropical Storm Allison forming just offshore Texas on June 5. After Allison transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on June 17, no further activity occurred until Tropical Depression Two developed on July 11. However, the depression dissipated the following day. Another break in activity ensued, which ended on August 2, when Tropical Storm Barry formed in the Gulf of Mexico. August featured two other tropical storms, Chantal and Dean.
Five systems formed in September, of which four become a hurricane, while one remained a tropical depression. October featured an equal number of systems, of which all five attained at least tropical storm intensity. One, Hurricane Iris, attained the highest sustained winds of any storm in 2001, at 145 mph (230 km/h), and devastated southern Belize on October 9. Another, Hurricane Michelle, attained the lowest barometric pressure of any storm that year, at 933 mbar (27.55 inHg), and cut a path of destruction across Cuba on November 4. Two additional systems developed in November, Hurricane Noel and Hurricane Olga. Olga dissipated on December 4, ending seasonal activity.[11]
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 110,[15] above the 1950–2000 average of 96.1.[8] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm status.[15]
A tropical wave over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico developed into Tropical Storm Allison at 12:00 UTC on June 5 about 140 mi (225 km) south of Galveston, Texas. The cyclone strengthened and peaked with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) six hours later. At 21:00 UTC on June 5, Allison made landfall near Freeport, Texas. It drifted northward through the state, turned to the south, and re-entered the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression on June 10. Allison then transitioned into a subtropical depression. The storm continued towards the east-northeast, made landfall on Louisiana early on June 11, and briefly became a subtropical storm despite being inland. Crossing the southeast United States and Mid-Atlantic, Allison emerged into the Atlantic at the Delmarva Peninsula on June 17. After temporarily re-attaining subtropical storm status, Allison interacted with a cold front offshore New England and became extratropical. Early on June 19, the remnant extratropical low dissipated near Nova Scotia.[16]
Allison was the first storm since Tropical Storm Frances in 1998 to affect the northern Texas coastline.[17] A major flood disaster occurred throughout its path from Texas to the Mid-Atlantic. Houston, Texas, and its vicinity suffered the brunt of the impact, as over 35 in (890 mm) of rain fell there when Allison stalled over southeastern Texas.[16] In this area, flooding related to Allison destroyed or severely damaged more than 14,000 homes,[16] while at least 51,430 others experienced some degree of damage. Floodwaters also entered over 95,000 vehicles and 1,700 businesses.[18] The storm killed 41 people, including 27 who drowned. Overall, Allison caused about $8.5 billion in damage (2001 USD), making it the costliest and second-deadliest tropical storm on record in the United States.[16][19]
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on July 7. Moving westward, the system displayed signs of a weak low-level circulation beginning on July 10, and after deep convection formed on the following day, a tropical depression developed around 18:00 UTC about 1,150 mi (1,850 km) east of the Windward Islands. A subtropical ridge north of the depression caused it to move west-northwestward at roughly 17 mph (27 km/h). Vertical wind shear prevented the cyclone from intensifying beyond sustained winds of 30 mph (48 km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 1,010 mbar (30 inHg), with dissipation occurring late on July 12 approximately 690 mi (1,110 km) east of the Windward Islands. The remnant tropical wave reached the Lesser Antilles on July 13 and July 14.[20]
On July 24, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and tracked westward. The wave entered the Caribbean Sea on July 29 and gained in organization and convection, before reaching the Gulf of Mexico on August 1. By the following day, a tropical depression developed about 200 mi (320 km) west-northwest of Key West, Florida, and soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Barry. After fluctuations in intensity, including when it weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, the system attained peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) in the Gulf of Mexico late on August 5. Around 05:00 UTC on the next day, Barry made landfall near Santa Rosa Beach, Florida, at the same intensity. The storm weakened to a tropical depression over southern Alabama about seven hours later, before degenerating into a remnant low over Mississippi early on August 7. The remnant low continued north-northwestward until dissipating over Missouri on August 8.[21]
The storm affected Florida; rainfall peaked at 8.9 in (230 mm) at Tallahassee, and winds gusts topped out at 79 mph (127 km/h). Three people in Florida were killed by the storm, and total damage is estimated at $30 million (2001 USD).[21]
On August 11, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. Moving generally westward, the wave organized into a tropical depression about 1,500 mi (2,400 km) east of the Windward Islands on August 14. The depression moved rapidly westward and degenerated into an open wave sometime on August 16 while still well east of the Windward Islands. However, after reaching the southeast Caribbean, a circulation re-developed while the system was situated 290 mi (470 km) south of Saint Croix on August 17. With tropical storm-force winds, the system was reclassified as Tropical Storm Chantal. The cyclone strengthened to reach sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) twice in the Caribbean. Early on August 21, Chantal made landfall near the Belize–Mexico border at that intensity. The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression over Campeche on August 22, before dissipating over Tabasco several hours later.[22]
The tropical wave associated with Chantal caused two deaths in Trinidad due to a lightning strike. In Belize, abnormally high tides along the coast damaged piers and seawalls. The storm produced a wind gust of 71 mph (114 km/h) in Caye Caulker, although stronger winds were possible in a convective band to the north. Winds and flooding due to heavy rainfall left damage to agricultural and infrastructural sectors. Overall, Belize suffered nearly $4 million in damage.[22] Heavy rain fell in parts of Mexico, particularly in Quintana Roo, with up to 20.03 in (509 mm) observed at Othón P. Blanco.[23] This led to mudslides, leaving some areas isolated.[24]
Between August 14 and August 15, a large tropical wave passed over Dakar, Senegal. The wave gradually acquired convection as it moved westward across the Atlantic. While crossing the Leeward Islands on August 22, a reconnaissance aircraft observed tropical storm-force winds and a surface circulation. Thus, Tropical Storm Dean developed at 12:00 UTC near Saint Croix. After crossing the Virgin Islands and entering the Atlantic, strong wind shear caused Dean to degenerate into an open tropical wave near the Bahamas on August 23. The remnants turned northward, and redeveloped on August 26 to the north of Bermuda. Located over warm waters and in an area of favorable conditions, Dean steadily strengthened while moving to the northeast and peaked just below hurricane status on August 28. The storm subsequently weakened over cooler waters, and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland later that day. A frontal low absorbed the extratropical system on August 29.[25]
The precursor wave associated with Dean dropped heavy rainfall in the Lesser Antilles, particularly in Puerto Rico. There, up to 12.7 in (320 mm) of precipitation fell in Salinas, causing widespread flooding in the eastern and southern portions of the main island. Floodwaters inundated many highways and entered 1,320 homes.[25] Damage in Puerto Rico totaled about $7.7 million.[26] In the U.S. Virgin Islands, winds downed some trees, caused power outages, and damaged a few roads.[25] Later, Dean produced tropical storm-force wind gusts and light to moderate rainfall in Bermuda and Newfoundland.[27][28]
A westward-moving tropical wave quickly organized into a tropical depression about 690 mi (1,110 km) of the Cape Verde Islands around 18:00 UTC on September 1. By early the next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Erin and reached an initial peak with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) on September 3. However, two days later, wind shear caused Erin to degenerate into a remnant low-pressure area. Erin re-generated into a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on September 6 and re-intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later around 635 mi (1,020 km) north-northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands. The cyclone strengthened into a hurricane on September 9 while moving northwestward. The hurricane quickly intensified and reached peak winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) later that day. Short-wave troughs turned Erin to the northeast by September 11. After passing just east of Cape Race, Newfoundland, Erin became extratropical on September 15. The extratropical remnant continued northeastward and lost its identity near Greenland on September 17.[29]
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for Bermuda beginning on September 8, which were discontinued two days later after the storm bypassed the island. Wind gusts on Bermuda reached 41 mph (66 km/h),[29] felling several trees onto power lines. The storm produced large waves along the East Coast of the United States.[30] Later, Erin brushed Newfoundland, producing sustained wind speeds of 53 mph (85 km/h), with a gust of 67 mph (108 km/h) at Cape Race, while rainfall in the province peaked at 5.1 in (130 mm) on Sagona Island.[29] Along the coast, the passage of the storm led to wave heights of up to 30 ft (9.1 m).[31]
A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression on September 7 near the Cape Verde islands, which degenerated back into a tropical wave the next day due to strong shear. It redeveloped back into a tropical depression on September 10, and intensified into Tropical Storm Felix the next day while tracking generally northward. By September 13, it intensified into a hurricane, and subsequently it underwent rapid deepening, becoming a major hurricane on September 14 with peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). By that time, Felix had turned to the northeast, and subsequently entered an area of unfavorable conditions. The hurricane gradually weakened, deteriorating to a tropical storm on September 17. Cool waters and higher wind shear caused additional weakening while Felix nearly stalled to the southwest of the Azores. Late on September 18, the storm weakened to a tropical depression, and early the next day Felix dissipated.[32]
A weak low- to mid-level trough remained nearly stationary offshore the Southeastern United States in early September. A cut-off low developed over Florida on September 9, while an associated surface low formed by late on September 11. The system became a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC about 145 mi (235 km) west-southwest of Naples, Florida. The depression drifted west-southwest and slowly intensified, before doubling-back to the east-northeast and strengthening into Tropical Storm Gabrielle on September 13. Gabrielle curved northeastward and reached sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) before making landfall near Venice, Florida, on the following day. After weakening slightly, Gabrielle emerged into the Atlantic near Titusville on September 15, accelerated to the northeast, and strengthened, becoming a Category 1 hurricane two days later. Colder water temperatures then weakened Gabrielle to a tropical storm on September 18, followed by an extratropical transition on September 19 well south of Newfoundland. The extratropical low was absorbed by a larger extratropical low over the far north Atlantic on September 21.[33]
Hurricane Gabrielle produced moderate winds along coastal areas of western Florida, reaching 58 mph (93 km/h) at Venice.[33] The tide flooded the northern shoreline of Charlotte Harbor and at the entrance to the Peace River, while further to the south a surge of greater than 3 ft (0.91 m) inundated the barrier island at Fort Myers Beach and flooded some cars.[34] Gabrielle brushed the eastern coast of Newfoundland; the rainfall set the all time six-hour precipitation record at St. John's, with a total of 3.54 in (90 mm).[35] Hundreds of homes and buildings were damaged by the passage of Gabrielle, totaling several million Canadian dollars in damage.[36]
A tropical depression formed from a tropical wave in the Caribbean on September 19, north-northwest of San Andres Island. It attained a maximum strength of 35 mph (56 km/h), and made landfall near Puerto Cabezas on September 20. After losing its closed circulation over land, it reformed into Hurricane Juliette in the East Pacific.[37]
In El Salvador, heavy rains from the depression helped alleviate drought conditions; however, flooding also inundated 200 homes in San Salvador along the Acelhuate River.[38] Fifteen farms were inundated by flooding, five of which were destroyed. Seventy people evacuated to shelters set up after the storm by the local Red Cross and armed forces. Military crews were quickly deployed to help clean up the damages on September 22.[39]
Hurricane Humberto formed from an area of low pressure generated by Hurricane Gabrielle. The low formed into a tropical depression on September 21 while south of Bermuda, tracking northwest, and was named Tropical Storm Humberto the next day. It began moving north, and then northeast as it passed Bermuda and strengthened into a hurricane. Humberto headed over the colder waters of the far north Atlantic Ocean, and dissipated quickly on September 27.[40]
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa in late September. The wave moved generally westward across the Atlantic and organized into Tropical Depression Eleven approximately 90 mi (145 km) southeast of Barbados on October 4. It traveled across the Windward Islands, and intensified into Tropical Storm Iris while over the eastern Caribbean on October 5. Iris continued to the west and intensified. After passing just south of Jamaica, Iris reached Category 4 hurricane strength on October 8 to the north of Honduras. Around 02:00 UTC on October 9, the hurricane made landfall near Monkey River Town, Belize, with peak winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). Iris rapidly weakened and dissipated over extreme southeastern Mexico several hours later.[41] Although Iris's circulation dissipated, its remnants contributed to the development of Tropical Storm Manuel in the eastern Pacific Ocean on October 10.[42]
Rainfall from the outerbands of Iris caused flooding in the Dominican Republic, resulting in the evacuation of 35 families after rivers exceeded their banks. Three people died when a landslide destroyed a home in Santo Domingo.[43] Iris destroyed two homes and deroofed two others in Jamaica. The storm produced an 8 to 15 ft (2.4 to 4.6 m) storm surge along the coast of Belize.[41] A total of 3,718 homes were either damaged or destroyed, mostly in the Stann Creek and Toledodistricts, rendering about 15,000 people homeless.[44] Severe losses to agriculture was also reported, including the destruction of 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares) of bananas, 3,500 acres (1,400 hectares) of rice, and 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) of corn.[45] Iris caused 24 deaths in Belize – with 20 occurring when the dive boat Wave Dancer capsized near Big Creek – and at least $250 million in damage.[46][44] Flash floods and mudslides in Guatemala damaged 2,500 homes and 26 schools and killed 8 people.[41] In Mexico, flooding due to heavy rains from Iris damaged 120 homes in Oaxaca and caused 2 deaths.[47]
A tropical wave exited Africa on October 1, moving westward. Rainbands and convection gradually increased, and the NHC designated the system as Tropical Depression Twelve. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Jerry early on October 7, aided by low wind shear. Continuing westward due to a ridge to it north, Jerry strengthened further as it approached the Lesser Antilles, reaching peak winds of around 50 mph (80 km/h). Forecast models indicated the system could reach hurricane status within two to three days under favorable conditions. Jerry passed just south of Barbados at its peak intensity, before its structure began to degrade. Reconnaissance aircraft indicated a possible reformation of the center, as data indicated multiple low-level rotations on a northeast to southwest axis. As Jerry entered the eastern Caribbean Sea early on October 8 after bypassing St. Vincent, its forward speed increased to 25 mph (40 km/h). Moderate vertical wind shear from the northwest developed, disrupting the upper-level outflow. Jerry continued to deteriorate, and later on October 8, aircraft data indicated the system had weakened into a broad area of low pressure with scattered squalls mainly to the east of the remnant center. Jerry then dissipated shortly afterward approximately 230 miles south of Puerto Rico, with the remnants moving westward.[48][49][50][51]
The threat of the storm prompted tropical storm warnings and watches in the Lesser Antilles. Jerry caused minimal damage as it moved through the Windward Islands and Lesser Antilles. A station at Martinique reported sustained ten-minute winds of 44 mph (71 km/h) on October 8.[48] Some downpours and high winds were reported.[52] No ships reported tropical storm-force winds, though Barbados reported a minimum pressure of 1007 mb.[48]
A cold front and an upper level trough interacted on October 10 to the south of Bermuda, and formed an extratropical storm. The storm passed near Bermuda on October 12, producing hurricane-force winds on the island. It then organized, becoming a subtropical cyclone on October 12 and a tropical cyclone on October 13. Karen strengthened to reach 80 mph (130 km/h) winds as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, and after weakening over cooler waters, it made landfall on Nova Scotia as a tropical storm. It quickly became extratropical.[53]
An upper-level tropospheric trough persisted in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, developing a circulation by October 26 which quickly organized. On October 27, it developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen about 865 mi (1,392 km) south-southwest of the western Azores.[55] Moving westward, the depression was forecast to attain winds of at least 60 mph (97 km/h),[56][57] although it failed to reach that intensity.[55] Banding features developed over the storm,[57] and on October 30 it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lorenzo.[55] By early on October 31, convection had begun to separate from the circulation,[58][59] and later in the day Lorenzo became extratropical. The remnants of Lorenzo merged with a frontal system about 690 mi (1,110 km) west of the Azores.[55]
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 16. The wave moved westward across the Atlantic and the Caribbean, before developing into a tropical depression along the east coast of Nicaragua on October 29. Convection increased after the depression entered the Caribbean, and the system intensified into Tropical Storm Michelle on November 1. It strengthened further, becoming a hurricane on November 2 and reaching Category 4 status on November 4, becoming one of only four tropical cyclones on record to reach that intensity in the month of November. Michelle made landfall in Cuba twice, first on Cayo Largo del Sur with peak winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) and then on the mainland near the Bay of Pigs at a slightly weaker intensity. Michelle was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Cuba since Hurricane Fox in 1952. The storm rapidly weakened and fell to Category 1 intensity as it emerged into the Atlantic early on November 5. Michelle then moved quickly northeastward through the Bahamas and struck Andros and Eleuthera before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. A frontal system absorbed the remnants of Michelle to the south of Bermuda by early on November 7.[60]
The system that eventually became Michelle dropped torrential rains in several countries, causing at least six deaths in Honduras and four deaths in Nicaragua. An additional 26 people were reported missing in Central America.[60] Torrential precipitation was also reported in Jamaica, with 41.7 in (1,058 mm) of rainfall observed at one location.[61] Flooding and mudslides damaged about 500 homes beyond repairs, while 561 others were impacted to some degree.[62] The storm caused five deaths and $18 million in damage in Jamaica.[62][63] Michelle went on to affect Cuba, where the storm produced 4 to 5 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) waves. Rainfall amounts up to 29.69 in (754 mm) were recorded across the island.[64] Sustained winds peaked at 124 mph (200 km/h) at Cayo Largo del Sur, while wind gusts reached at 130 mph (210 km/h) at the same location and in Jagüey Grande.[60] The hurricane demolished 12,579 homes and damaged 166,515 others.[13] Overall, Michelle caused five deaths and about $2 billion in damage in Cuba.[13][65] Major damage also occurred in the Bahamas, totaling about $300 million.[66]
A non-tropical frontal low developed from a cold front on November 1 to the west of the Azores. It intensified while moving west-northwestward and gradually dissipated its frontal structure.[67] It became a subtropical storm on November 4 about 890 mi (1,430 km) south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Operationally, the storm was considered a non-tropical low, and the National Hurricane Center did not begin issuing advisories until it became a tropical cyclone. It moved slowly northward as convection organized into a ring around the center. As a result of a ship reporting hurricane-force winds near the center, and due to the development of a weak mid-level warm core, the subtropical cyclone was reclassified as Hurricane Noel on November 5. Increasing westerly wind shear limited convection near the center, and Noel weakened to a tropical storm early on November 6.[68] Progressively cooler water temperatures contributed to weakening,[69] and Noel became extratropical later on November 6 about 330 mi (530 km) southeast of Newfoundland. The extratropical remnant continued to the northeast and was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm later that day.[68]
Hurricane Olga formed as a subtropical cyclone on November 24 and meandered westward where it reached hurricane status on November 26. The storm attained peak winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) before turning southeastward and weakening back into a tropical storm. Olga dissipated as a tropical cyclone on December 6 east of the Bahamas.[70]
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 2001.[71] This is the same list used for the 1995 season,[72] except for Lorenzo, Michelle, Olga, and Rebekah, which replaced Luis, Marilyn, Opal, and Roxanne, respectively.[73] Each new name except for Rebekah was used for the first (and only in the case of Michelle) time in 2001.
The World Meteorological Organization retired the names Allison, Iris, and Michelle from the Atlantic hurricane name lists after the 2001 season on account of their destructiveness. They were replaced with Andrea, Ingrid, and Melissa, respectively, for the 2007 season.[74]Allison became the first Atlantic tropical storm to have its name retired.[75]
Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2001 USD.
^ ab"Hurricane Olga downgraded to tropical storm". The Palm Beach Post. West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. November 30, 2001. p. 15A. Retrieved September 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
"Oaxaca: 2 muertos por "Iris"". El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. October 11, 2001. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
Dartmouth Flood Observatory (January 25, 2002). "2001 Global Register of Extreme Flood Events". Dartmouth Flood Observatory's Active Archive of Large Floods. Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
C. Justin Robinson; Prosper Bangwayo-Skeete (March 16, 2016). "The Financial Impact of Natural Disasters: Assessing the Effect of Hurricanes & Tropical Storms On Stock Markets in the Caribbean". p. 7. SSRN2845429.
^ abAtlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
^"Oaxaca: 2 muertos por "Iris"". El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico. October 11, 2001. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
^Dartmouth Flood Observatory (January 25, 2002). "2001 Global Register of Extreme Flood Events". Dartmouth Flood Observatory's Active Archive of Large Floods. Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^C. Justin Robinson; Prosper Bangwayo-Skeete (March 16, 2016). "The Financial Impact of Natural Disasters: Assessing the Effect of Hurricanes & Tropical Storms On Stock Markets in the Caribbean". p. 7. SSRN2845429.
^National Hurricane Operations Plan(PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2001. p. 3-7. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
^National Hurricane Operations Plan(PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 1995. p. 3-7. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
^National Hurricane Operations Plan(PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. May 2002. p. 3-7. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
^"Desastres naturales" (in Spanish). Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. February 14, 2002. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
Women Love DiamondsKartu lobiSutradaraEdmund GouldingDitulis oleh Lorna Moon Waldemar Young Edmund Goulding Edwin Justus Mayer Pemeran Pauline Starke Owen Moore Lionel Barrymore Douglas Fairbanks Jr. SinematograferRay BingerPenyuntingHugh WynnPerusahaanproduksiMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributorLoew's Inc.Tanggal rilis 12 Februari 1927 (1927-02-12) Durasi70 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaBisu (intertitel Inggris) Women Love Diamonds adalah sebuah film melodrama bisu hitam-putih Amerika Serik...
Kepulauan AdmiraltyBagian dari Perang Dunia II, Perang PasifikGelombang pertama pasukan AS mendarat di Los Negros, Kepulauan Admiralty, 29 Februari 1944Tanggal29 Februari 1944 (1944-02-29)–18 Mei 1944 (1944-05-18) 80 hariLokasiKepulauan Admiralty2°2′S 147°16.5′E / 2.033°S 147.2750°E / -2.033; 147.2750Koordinat: 2°2′S 147°16.5′E / 2.033°S 147.2750°E / -2.033; 147.2750Hasil Kemenangan SekutuPihak terlibat Amerika ...
Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...
Department of France in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté For other places with the same name, see Jura (disambiguation). Not to be confused with the Swiss Republic and Canton of Jura. Department of France in Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéJuraDepartment of France From top down, left to right: Lac de Vouglans, Baume-les-Messieurs, Poligny, Lac de Bonlieu, Lac de l'Abbaye, Les Planches-près-Arbois, Chancia FlagCoat of armsLocation of Jura in FranceCoordinates: 46°40′31″N 5°33′16″E / ...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2023) هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة ال...
Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Lee. Untuk politikus, lihat Lee Hae-chan. HaechanHaechan at KBSLahirLee Dong Hyuck6 Juni 2000 (umur 23)Seoul, Korea SelatanNama lainHaechan, Lee Dong-Hyuck, Fullsun, Pudu, Dong Sokkie, ChocoballPekerjaan Penyanyi Kekayaan bersihUS$1,5 million [1]Karier musikGenre K-pop hip hop InstrumenVokalTahun aktif2016–sekarangLabelSM EntertainmentArtis terkait NCT NCT 127 NCT Dream NCT U SM Town Nama KoreaHangul이동혁 Alih AksaraI Dong-hy...
Psychoactive drug α,N,N-TrimethyltryptamineIdentifiers IUPAC name (2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl)dimethylamine CAS Number4761-32-4 YPubChem CID134080494ChemSpider59718639UNII8AV9QTP9HKChemical and physical dataFormulaC13H18N2Molar mass202.301 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CN(C)C(C)Cc2c[nH]c1ccccc12 InChI InChI=1S/C13H18N2/c1-10(15(2)3)8-11-9-14-13-7-5-4-6-12(11)13/h4-7,9-10,14H,8H2,1-3H3Key:XQFCCTPWINMCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (verify) α,N,N-Trimethyltry...
Kerangka 3 prajurit tertembus panah ditemukan di Burial Ridge. Tulang belulang tertembus anak panah pada kerangka yang ditemukan di Burial Ridge. Burial Ridge adalah sebuah permakaman suku Lenape di sebuah jurang menghadap Raritan Bay, tepatnya di daerah yang sekarang menjadi Tottenville, Staten Island. Permakaman ini adalah permakaman pra-Eropa terbesar di New York City, tidak bertandadan ada di dalam kawasan Conference House Park. Bukti penghunian sebelum Pribumi Amerika masih tampak di sep...
Tuan Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Sultan SuriansyahSULTAN BANJAR I [1]Makam Sultan Suriansyah dan RatuSULTAN BANJAR IBerkuasaPangeran 1520-1540[2]PenobatanSultan 24 September 1526PendahuluPangeran Tumenggung (1525-1526 M.) Raja Negara Daha IVPenerusSultan Rahmatullah 1540-1570PUTRA MAHKOTABerkuasa1525 -1526Penobatan1525Informasi pribadiKelahiranRaden Raga Samudera[1][3]Kerajaan Negara DahaKematian1540Kesultanan BanjarPemakamanKomplek Makam Sultan Su...
14th series of a British reality television series Season of television series The ApprenticeSeries 14Promo group shot of Alan Sugar standing before the candidates for series 14Starring Alan Sugar Karren Brady Claude Littner No. of episodes12ReleaseOriginal networkBBC OneOriginal release3 October (2018-10-03) –16 December 2018 (2018-12-16)Series chronology← PreviousSeries 13 Next →Series 15 The fourteenth series of British reality television series The Apprentic...
Русская дореформенная орфография Государство Российская империя Российская республика Создано на основе гражданский шрифт Следующее по порядку орфография русского языка до 1956 года Дата окончания 1918 Медиафайлы на Викискладе Ру́сская дорефо́рменная орфогра�...
Anti-immigration non-profit organization For the similarly named pro-immigration project, see Fair Immigration Reform Movement. For the similarly named non-profit media advocacy group, see Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Federation for American Immigration ReformFormation1979; 45 years ago (1979)[1]FounderJohn TantonOtis L. Graham Jr.Sidney SwensrudFounded atWashington, D.C., U.S.Legal statusNon-profit tax exemptHeadquartersWashington, D.C., U.S.Region United Sta...
Luisa Amalia de Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Princesa consorte de Prusia Información personalNombre de nacimiento Viktoria Luise Amalie von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel Nombre en alemán Luise Amalie von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel Nacimiento 29 de enero de 1722 Wolfenbüttel (Alemania) Fallecimiento 13 de enero de 1780 (57 años)Berlín (Reino de Prusia) Sepultura Catedral de Berlín Nacionalidad AlemanaLengua materna Alemán FamiliaFamilia Casa de Welf y Casa de Hohenzollern Padres Fernando Albert...
Come leggere il tassoboxOsteitti1. Oncorhynchus mykiss 2. Pontinus nematophthalmus 3. Aracana aurita 4. Peristedion gracileClassificazione scientificaDominioEukaryota RegnoAnimalia SottoregnoEumetazoa PhylumChordata SubphylumVertebrata InfraphylumGnathostomata Il gruppo Osteichthyes o pesci ossei (Teleostei secondo una classificazione ora non più utilizzata) rappresenta la maggior parte dei pesci viventi conosciuti.[1] Indice 1 Descrizione 2 Classificazione 3 Filogenia 4 Confronto co...
1837 Connecticut gubernatorial election ← 1836 April 3, 1837 1838 → Nominee Henry W. Edwards William W. Ellsworth Party Democratic Whig Popular vote 23,805 21,508 Percentage 52.53% 47.47% County results Edwards: 50–60% Governor before election Henry W. Edwards Democratic Elected Governor Henry W. Edwards Democratic Elections in Connecticut Federal government U.S President 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 ...
The 2008 Ironman 70.3 World Championship was a triathlon competition held in Clearwater, Florida on November 8, 2008. The race was sponsored by Foster Grant and organized by the World Triathlon Corporation. The championship race is the culmination of the Ironman 70.3 series of events that took place from October 2007 to September 2008. Athletes, both professional and amateur, earn a spot in the championship race by qualifying in races throughout the 70.3 series.[1] The 2008 championsh...
Individual whose knowledge spans a substantial number of subjects Universal man redirects here. For the sculpture by Canadian artist Gerald Gladstone, see Universal Man. Polyhistor redirects here. For the Roman author and book also known as Polyhistor, see Solinus. For the ancient Greek scholar, see Alexander Polyhistor. For other uses, see Polymath (disambiguation). Benjamin Franklin is one of the foremost polymaths in history. Franklin was a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat,...
Reichskommissariat Ostland1941–1945 Bendera Lambang Reichskommissariat Ostland oada tahun 1942.StatusReichskommissariat Jerman NaziIbu kotaRigaBahasa yang umum digunakanJerman (resmi)Belarusia · EstoniaLatvia · Lituania · PolandiaReichskommissar • 1941–1944 Hinrich Lohse• 1944–1945 Erich Koch Era SejarahPerang Dunia II• Dekret Führer 17 Juli 1941• Menyerahnya Kantung Courland 10 Mei 1945 Mata uangReichskreditkassensche...
American jazz drummer (1923–1985) Not to be confused with Jo Jones. Philly Joe JonesJones in 1960Background informationBirth nameJoseph Rudolph JonesBorn(1923-07-15)July 15, 1923Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedAugust 30, 1985(1985-08-30) (aged 62)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.GenresJazzhard bopbebopcool jazzmodalOccupation(s)MusicianInstrumentDrumsYears active1940s–1985Musical artist Joseph Rudolph Philly Joe Jones (July 15, 1923 – August 30, 1985) was an American jazz drumme...
.jpg)
