2000 in Australian television

List of years in Australian television
+...

Television

Channels

New channels

Debuts

Domestic

Program Channel Debut date
The Human Journey ABC 4 January
Something in the Air ABC 17 January
Popstars Seven Network 1 February
Above the Law Network Ten 1 February
The New Adventures of Ocean Girl Network Ten 11 February
Download Nine Network 14 February
The Cool Room Nine Network 26 February
The Mole Seven Network 27 February
The Fat ABC 6 March
The Game Seven Network 23 March
Backyard Blitz Nine Network 9 April
Dogwoman Nine Network 9 April
Pizza SBS 24 April
Going Home SBS 22 May
Grass Roots ABC 1 June
Unreal Ads Network Ten 8 June
Mikey, Pubs and Beer Nuts Network Ten 11 July
Fresh Nine Network 17 July
The Potato Factory Seven Network 17 July
AMV Seven Network 17 July
Dreamhome Nine Network 18 July
Zirkos Kids NBN Television 31 July
One Size Fits All ABC 30 August
The Dream with Roy and HG Seven Network 16 September
Sam and The Fatman Nine Network 5 October
Rove Live Network Ten 9 October
Search for a Supermodel Network Ten 11 October
Surprise Surprise Nine Network 17 October
Eugenie Sandler P.I. ABC 30 October
Wicked Seven Network 18 November
Gloria's House Seven Network 25 November
Cushion Kids Nine Network 28 November
Flashback ABC 2000
Li'l Horrors Seven Network 2000
Pepsi Live Network Ten 2000

International

Program Channel Debut date
United States Mercy Point Network Ten 2 January
United States/Canada Vor-Tech: Undercover Conversion Squad Network Ten 3 January
United States The Awful Truth SBS 4 January
United Kingdom Painted Lady Seven Network 7 January
United Kingdom/Isle of Man/Germany Space Island One Nine Network 7 January
France/Italy The Count of Monte Cristo (1998) ABC 7 January
Canada More Tears SBS 22 January
United Kingdom Donovan Quick ABC 23 January
United Kingdom The Cops ABC 26 January
United Kingdom Living Britain ABC 29 January
United States Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Network Ten 31 January
Japan Dragon Ball Z Network Ten 31 January
United Kingdom Smack the Pony ABC 3 February
United Kingdom Country House Nine Network 5 February
United States Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show Seven Network 5 February
United States Mickey Mouse Works Seven Network 5 February
United Kingdom David Copperfield (1999) ABC 6 February
United Kingdom Playing the Field Seven Network 17 February
United States Air America Network Ten 19 February
United States Angel Seven Network 20 February
United Kingdom Kid in the Corner ABC 20 February
United States Roswell Nine Network 21 February
United States Power Rangers Lost Galaxy Seven Network 21 February
United States/Canada Ed, Edd n Eddy Seven Network 21 February
United States Third Watch Nine Network 22 February
United States/United Kingdom Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century Seven Network 8 March
United Kingdom Maisie Raine ABC 11 March
United Kingdom Oliver Twist (1999) ABC 12 March
Canada Daring & Grace: Teen Detectives ABC 14 March
United Kingdom Escape from Colditz ABC 22 March
United Kingdom Playing the Field Seven Network 23 March
United States Busted on the Job: Caught on Tape Seven Network 1 April
United States Bear in the Big Blue House ABC 3 April
United Kingdom/Wales A Mind to Kill Seven Network 7 April
United Kingdom Nature Boy ABC 9 April
United States Silver Surfer Network Ten 10 April
Canada The Adventures of Sam and Max: Freelance Police Network Ten 27 April
United Kingdom Monarch of the Glen ABC 30 April
Japan Digimon: Digital Monsters Network Ten 1 May
Australia/United States Farscape Nine Network 20 May
United States Once and Again Seven Network 23 May
United States Storm Force Seven Network 29 May
United Kingdom The Broker's Man Nine Network 3 June
United States Conrad Bloom Seven Network 5 June
United States I am Weasel Seven Network 8 June
United Kingdom Great Military Blunders ABC 9 June
United Kingdom Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned SBS 12 June
United Kingdom Second Sight ABC 18 June
United Kingdom Stella Street SBS 26 June
United States Max Steel Network Ten 30 June
United Kingdom Little Monsters ABC 3 July
United Kingdom Tweenies ABC 4 July
Canada Franklin ABC 6 July
United Kingdom Babes in the Wood Seven Network 20 July
United Kingdom Clocking Off ABC 21 July
South Africa/United Kingdom Game Park SBS 23 July
Canada Da Vinci's Inquest Seven Network 31 July
United Kingdom Animal Stories ABC 31 July
United Kingdom Sophie Grigson's Herbs SBS 11 August
United States Now and Again Network Ten 15 August
United Kingdom Sounds of the Eighties SBS 25 August
United Kingdom/France Pablo the Little Red Fox ABC 30 August
United Kingdom The Royle Family ABC 1 September
United Kingdom Badger ABC 2 September
United Kingdom The Vanishing Man Nine Network 7 September
United Kingdom Animal Minds SBS 10 September
United Kingdom Spot's Musical Adventures ABC 11 September
Republic of Ireland/United States Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Network Ten 18 September
United States/New Zealand Young Hercules Network Ten 18 September
Canada/United States Eerie, Indiana: The Other Dimension Network Ten 18 September
United Kingdom Tales of the Little Grey Rabbit ABC 18 September
United Kingdom Deceit ABC 24 September
United Kingdom Bad Girls Seven Network 3 October
United States/Canada Beggars and Choosers Seven Network 3 October
Canada First Wave Seven Network 5 October
United States Grown Ups Network Ten 6 October
United States Harsh Realm Seven Network 6 October
United Kingdom L.A. 7 Seven Network 7 October
Canada Relic Hunter Network Ten 7 October
United Kingdom City Central Seven Network 11 October
France Walter Melon Network Ten 20 October
United States The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs Network Ten 20 October
United Kingdom Invasion: Earth Nine Network 23 October
United States Mortal Kombat: Conquest Nine Network 26 October
United Kingdom Sheeep ABC 3 November
United Kingdom City of the Wildcats ABC 21 November
United States Hope Island Network Ten 25 November
United States Jack and Jill Nine Network 27 November
United States The West Wing Nine Network 28 November
United Kingdom Ken Hom's Travels with a Hot Wok SBS 28 November
United States Young Americans Network Ten 28 November
Canada Bad Dog Network Ten 29 November
United States The Avengers: United They Stand Network Ten 29 November
United States Judging Amy Nine Network 30 November
Germany/Austria SimsalaGrimm ABC 6 December
United States Freaks and Geeks Nine Network 9 December
United Kingdom Rex the Runt SBS 11 December
Australia/Canada/United States BeastMaster Network Ten 12 December
United States Clerks: The Animated Series Seven Network 13 December
United Kingdom/Canada/Germany Lexx Seven Network 17 December
Japan Willow Town Network Ten 18 December
United Kingdom Robbie the Reindeer ABC 23 December
United Kingdom/United States Gormenghast Seven Network 23 December
United States Odd Man Out Nine Network 30 December
United States Detention Nine Network 2000
United States Popular Seven Network 2000
France Soupe Opéra ABC TV 2000

Subscription television

Domestic

Program Channel Debut date
Gloria's House Oh! 16 October

International

Program Channel Debut date
100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd United States 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd[2] Nickelodeon 3 March
Rotten Ralph United Kingdom/Canada Rotten Ralph[2][3] Nickelodeon 4 March
SpongeBob SquarePants United States SpongeBob SquarePants[2][3] Nickelodeon 6 March
Just A Kid United States Just a Kid[4] Nickelodeon 7 April
France Witch World Fox Kids 1 July
United States Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Fox Kids 3 July
United States/Canada Spider-Man Unlimited Fox Kids 7 July
Canada/United States Mega Babies Fox Kids 10 July
Japan Monster Rancher Fox Kids 10 July
Angela Anaconda Canada Angela Anaconda[4] Nickelodeon August
United States Highlander: The Raven[5] Fox8 20 November
Grange Hill United Kingdom Grange Hill[6] Nickelodeon December
Radio Active Canada Radio Active[6] Nickelodeon December
Pelswick Canada Pelswick[6] Nickelodeon 1 December
Noah Knows Best United States Noah Knows Best[6] Nickelodeon 15 December
Malaysia Kampung Boy Nickelodeon 2000
Canada Dogs with Jobs National Geographic Channel 2000
Canada/France Mona the Vampire Nickelodeon 2000
United Kingdom/Canada/United States Anthony Ant Nickelodeon 2000
United States Courage the Cowardly Dog Cartoon Network 2000
United States Mission Hill The Comedy Channel 2000
United States Mike, Lu and Og Cartoon Network 2000
United Kingdom Foxbusters Nickelodeon 2000
United States Sabrina: The Animated Series The Disney Channel 2000
South Korea/United States/Canada Milo's Bug Quest Fox Kids 2000
United Kingdom Holby City UKTV 2000
United States The Avengers: United They Stand Fox Kids 2000
United States Xyber 9: New Dawn Fox Kids 2000
United Kingdom Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids Oh! 2000
United States Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles Fox Kids 2000
Canada Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Nickelodeon 2000
United Kingdom The Grimleys UKTV 2000
United States Poochini's Yard Nickelodeon 2000
United States Max Steel Fox Kids 2000
United States Open Sesame Nickelodeon 2000
Canada Insectia National Geographic Channel 2000
United Kingdom Belfry Witches The Disney Channel 2000
United Kingdom/France 64 Zoo Lane Nickelodeon 2000
United Kingdom Hero to Zero Nickelodeon 2000
United Kingdom Big Meg, Little Meg Nickelodeon 2000
New Zealand Bobbie the Bus Nickelodeon 2000
United States The Amanda Show Nickelodeon 2000
Canada Misguided Angels Fox Kids 2000

Specials

Program Channel Debut date
United States 2000 American Comedy Awards[7] The Comedy Channel 6 August
United States Latin Grammy Awards 2000[5] Arena 4 November

Documentary specials

Program Channel Debut date
Africa's Deadly Dozen[8] National Geographic Channel 4 November
When Dinosaurs Ruled: At the Ends of the Earth[8] Discovery Channel 16 November
Destination Space[8] National Geographic Channel 20 November
Wings: Hindenburg: Fire in the Sky[8] Discovery Channel 26 November

Changes to network affiliation

This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.

International

Program New network(s) Previous network(s) Date
United States The Littles Network Ten Nine Network 26 July
United States Everybody Loves Raymond Network Ten Seven Network 28 November

Programming changes

Subscription premieres

This is a list of programs which made their premiere on Australian subscription television that had previously premiered on Australian free-to-air television. Programs may still air on the original free-to-air television network.

Domestic

Program Subscription network Free-to-air network Date
Popstars[6] Nickelodeon Seven Network December

International

Program Subscription network Free-to-air network Date
Moonlighting United States Moonlighting[9] TV1 Nine Network 4 February
Miami 7 United Kingdom Miami 7[2] Nickelodeon Seven Network[citation needed] 3 March
United States Frasier[10] TV1 Nine Network 3 July
United States Futurama Fox8 Seven Network November
United States Buffy the Vampire Slayer Fox8 Seven Network 13 December
Japan Pokémon Cartoon Network Network Ten 2000
United States Voltron: The Third Dimension Fox Kids Seven Network 2000

Ending this year

Program Channel End date Debut date
Flashback ABC 2000 2000
Chuck Finn Seven Network 25 December 18 October 1999
SeaChange ABC 9 December 10 May 1998
Wipeout Seven Network 24 November 15 February 1999
One Size Fits All ABC 22 November 30 August 2000
Eugenie Sandler P.I. ABC 15 November 30 October 2000
Media Watch ABC 6 November 8 May 1989
Pig's Breakfast Nine Network 22 October 5 July 1999
The Games ABC 11 September 7 August 1998
Murder Call Nine Network 9 October 11 August 1997
Thunderstone Network Ten 8 September 12 February 1999
The New Adventures of Ocean Girl Network Ten 5 August 11 February 2000
The Big Breakfast Seven Network 14 July 2 August 1999
Search for Treasure Island Seven Network 11 July 17 August 1998
The 10:30 Slot ABC 16 June 20 August 1999
Lizzie's Library ABC 29 May 6 November 1995
Good News Week Network Ten 27 May 19 April 1996
Recovery ABC 29 April 20 April 1996
Sunday Night Football (AFL) Seven Network 9 April 28 April 1991
Smallest Room in the House ABC 17 January 21 April 1997

Returning this year

  • 18 September – Sunrise (Seven Network)

See also

References

  1. ^ "CNN Financial Network makes Asia-Pacific debut on Optus TV". BusinessWorld. 15 November 1999. p. 26.
  2. ^ a b c d Nick Nooze. Autumn. Nickelodeon (Australia). 2000.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  3. ^ a b "What's New On Nick? – March 2000". Nickelodeon (Australia). 2000. Archived from the original on 12 March 2000. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
  4. ^ a b Nick Nooze. Winter. Nickelodeon (Australia). 2000.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  5. ^ a b "FOXTEL Highlights (Entertainment)". Foxtel. Archived from the original on 9 December 2000. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e Nick Nooze. Summer. Nickelodeon (Australia). 2000.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  7. ^ "FOXTEL Highlights (Entertainment)". Foxtel. Archived from the original on 22 August 2000. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d "FOXTEL Highlights (Documentaries)". Foxtel. Archived from the original on 9 December 2000. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  9. ^ Everton, Denise (4 February 2000). "Bickering allies". Illawarra Mercury. Illawarra, Australia: Fairfax Media. p. 42. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  10. ^ Gray, Ellen (30 June 2000). "Shrink rapt". Newcastle Herald. Newcastle, Australia: Fairfax Media. p. 5. Retrieved 27 December 2009.

Read other articles:

National Olympic Committee Bulgarian Olympic CommitteeCountry/Region BulgariaCodeBULCreated1923Recognized1924ContinentalAssociationEOCHeadquartersSofia, BulgariaPresidentStefka KostadinovaSecretary GeneralBelcho GoranovWebsitewww.bgolympic.org The Bulgarian Olympic Committee (Bulgarian: Български олимпийски комитет, Balgarski olimpiyski komitet; abbreviated as БОК, BOC) is a non-profit organization serving as the National Olympic Committee of Bulgaria and a p...

 

 

Tugu PahlawanNama sebagaimana tercantum dalamSistem Registrasi Nasional Cagar Budaya Cagar budaya IndonesiaPeringkatNasionalKategoriStrukturNo. RegnasRNCB.20140117.03.000015LokasikeberadaanSurabaya, Jawa TimurTanggal SK1996 & 2014Pemilik IndonesiaPengelolaUPTD Tugu Pahlawan dan Museum Sepuluh NovemberTugu PahlawanLokasi Tugu Pahlawan di Kota Surabaya Tugu Pahlawan adalah sebuah monumen yang menjadi markah tanah Kota Surabaya. Tinggi monumen ini adalah 41,15 meter dan berbentuk lingga...

 

 

Pembersihan etnis selama Perang BosniaBagian dari Perang BosniaJasad korban Pembantaian Srebrenica dalam kuburan masal yang telah digaliPersebaran etnis di Bosnia dan Herzegovina sebelum (1991) dan sesudah perang (1998)LokasiBosnia dan HerzegovinaTanggal1992 - 1995Jenis seranganPembersihan etnis, Deportasi, Kamp konsentrasi, Siksaan, Pemerkosaan genosidal, Pembantaian, GenosidaKorban tewas42.432 hingga 55.803 tewas dan hilang: 25.609[1] hingga 33.701[2] Bosniak tewas 4178[...

العلاقات الإسرائيلية الموزمبيقية إسرائيل موزمبيق   إسرائيل   موزمبيق تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإسرائيلية الموزمبيقية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إسرائيل وموزمبيق.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولت�...

 

 

1910 American filmA Colonial BelleGene Gauntier.Directed bySidney OlcottProduced bySidney OlcottStarringGene GauntierRobert VignolaGeorge MelfordProductioncompanyKalem CompanyDistributed byGeneral Film CompanyRelease date August 3, 1910 (1910-08-03) Running time955 ftCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilent film(English intertitles) A Colonial Belle is an American silent film produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier, Robert Vignola and George Melfor...

 

 

Port Vale 1949–50 football seasonPort Vale1949–50 seasonChairmanWilliam HoldcroftManagerGordon HodgsonStadiumThe Old Recreation GroundFootball League Third Division South13th (41 Points)FA CupFourth Round(knocked out by Burnley)Top goalscorerLeague: Cliff Pinchbeck (14)All: Cliff Pinchbeck (16)Highest home attendance18,218 vs. Nottingham Forest, 11 February 1950Lowest home attendance8,496 vs. Torquay United, 27 March 1950Average home league attendance12,983Biggest win4–0 vs. Millwall, ...

Election 1944 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts ← 1942 November 7, 1944 1948 →   Nominee Leverett Saltonstall John H. Corcoran Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,228,754 667,086 Percentage 64.29% 34.90% County Results Municipality Results Saltonstall   40–50%   50–60%   60–70%   70–80%   80–90%   90–100% Corcoran   50–60%   60–70%  &...

 

 

Retro Television NetworkJenisSiaran televisi berjaringanMerekRetro TVNegaraAmerika SerikatJangkauanNasionalSloganThe Best in Classic Television!PemilikRetro Television, Inc.IndukLuken Communications, LLCTanggal luncurJuli 2005Nama sebelumnyaRTN (2005-2009)RTV (2009-2013)Situs resmiwww.MyRetroTV.com Retro Television Network (bermerek on-air sebagai Retrotv) adalah sebuah jaringan televisi Amerika Serikat yang menyiarkan acara televisi klasik serta program baru-baru ini diproduksi. Dimiliki ole...

 

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ناشيونال جيوغرافيك (توضيح). قناة ناشينوال جيوغرافيك   معلومات عامة النوع عام المالك الجمعية الجغرافية الوطنية (25%) فوكس كايبل نتورك (نيوز كوربوريشن) (75%) تاريخ التأسيس 1 سبتمبر 2001 البلد  فرنسا اللغة 27 لغة المقر الرسمي  فرنسا، باريس الموقع الرسم�...

American singer and actor (born 1969) Donnie WahlbergWahlberg in 2010BornDonald Edmond Wahlberg Jr. (1969-08-17) August 17, 1969 (age 54)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.OccupationsSingersongwriteractorrecord producerfilm producerYears active1984–presentSpouses Kim Fey ​ ​(m. 1999; div. 2008)​ Jenny McCarthy ​ ​(m. 2014)​ Children2RelativesMark Wahlberg (brother) Rhea Durham (sister-in-law) Robert Wahlber...

 

 

العلاقات الإندونيسية الدومينيكانية إندونيسيا جمهورية الدومينيكان   إندونيسيا   جمهورية الدومينيكان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإندونيسية الدومينيكانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إندونيسيا وجمهورية الدومينيكان.[1][2][3][4][5] م�...

 

 

Changing how people are taught, especially on a mass scale Education reform is the name given to the goal of changing public education. The meaning and education methods have changed through debates over what content or experiences result in an educated individual or an educated society. Historically, the motivations for reform have not reflected the current needs of society. A consistent theme of reform includes the idea that large systematic changes to educational standards will produce soc...

Bacco (su San Giovanni Battista)AutoreBottega di Leonardo da Vinci (Francesco Melzi?) Data1510-1515 Tecnicaolio su tavola trasportato su tela Dimensioni177×115 cm UbicazioneMusée du Louvre, Parigi N. inventarioINV 780; MR 325 Lo studio già a Varese Il Bacco su un precedente san Giovanni Battista è un dipinto a olio su tavola trasportato su tela (177 × 115 cm) attribuito a Leonardo da Vinci e bottega, databile al 1510-1515 e conservato nel Museo del Louvre a Parigi. Indice ...

 

 

Xeber AlkainNazionalità Spagna Altezza174 cm Peso69 kg Calcio RuoloAttaccante Squadra Alavés CarrieraGiovanili 20??-2016 Antiguoko Squadre di club1 2016-2019 Real Sociedad C? (?)2019→  Arenas Getxo16 (2)2019-2022 Real Sociedad B83 (17)2022- Alavés16 (2) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Statistiche aggiornate al 27 novembre 2022 Modifica dati s...

 

 

Camera dei Deputati Stato Brasile TipoCamera bassa del Congresso Nazionale del Brasile Istituito6 maggio 1826 PredecessoreChamber of Deputies of the Empire of Brazil PresidenteArthur Lira (PP)(dal 1º febbraio 2021) Ultima elezione2 ottobre 2022 Prossima elezione2026 Numero di membri513 Durata mandato4 anni Gruppi politiciGoverno (210)      BdE (81)[1]      MDB (42)      PSD (42)      PDT (17)  &...

此條目的引用需要清理,使其符合格式。 (2016年1月30日)参考文献应符合正确的引用、脚注及外部链接格式。 朝日新闻位於中之島節日大廈的朝日新聞大阪本社類型日报版式大报持有者朝日新闻社創刊日1879年1月25日政治立場中間至中間偏左自由主義第三条道路語言日语总部 日本大阪府大阪市北區中之島2-3-18(本部)东京都中央區築地5-3-2爱知县名古屋市中區榮1-3-3福冈县�...

 

 

National highway in India National Highway 330BMap of the National Highway in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of NH 30Length48 km (30 mi)Major junctionsEast endGondaWest endJarwal LocationCountryIndiaStatesUttar Pradesh Highway system Roads in India Expressways National State Asian ← NH 330→ NH 329 National Highway 330B, commonly referred to as NH 330B is a national highway in India.[1][2] It is a spur road of National Highway 330.[3] N...

 

 

Village in Southern Transdanubia, HungaryNemeskisfaludVillageLocation of Somogy county in HungaryNemeskisfaludLocation of NemeskisfaludCoordinates: 46°26′23″N 17°21′56″E / 46.43984°N 17.36568°E / 46.43984; 17.36568Country HungaryRegionSouthern TransdanubiaCountySomogyDistrictMarcaliRC DioceseKaposvárArea • Total2.82 km2 (1.09 sq mi)Population (2017) • Total177[1]Demonym(s)kisfaludi, nemeskisfaludiTim...

Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2020-07) Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan. Flottiljförvaltare (förkortning: fljförv) är den högsta specialistofficersgraden inom svenska flottan och flygvapnet. Graden infördes 1 januari 2009 och placeras under OR-9 (NATO-nivån Other Ranks). Motsvarigheten...

 

 

Battle of the French and Indian War Battle of Fort FrontenacPart of the Seven Years' WarFrench and Indian WarDepiction of the battle by John Henry WalkerDateAugust 26–28, 1758Locationpresent-day Kingston, Ontario44°14′00″N 76°28′43″W / 44.23333°N 76.47861°W / 44.23333; -76.47861Result British victoryBelligerents  Great Britain British America  France Colony of CanadaCommanders and leaders John Bradstreet Pierre-Jacques Payen de Noyan et de Chavo...