1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes

1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes
1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes is located in Oregon
1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes
Klamath Falls
Klamath Falls
UTC timeDoublet earthquake:    
 1993-09-21 03:28:55
 1993-09-21 05:45:35
ISC event 
 209100
 209133
USGS-ANSS 
 ComCat
 ComCat
Local dateSeptember 20, 1993 (1993-09-20)
Local time 
 8:28 p.m.
 10:45 p.m.
MagnitudeDoublet earthquake
 6.0 Mw
 5.9 Mw 
Depth5.6 miles (9 km)
Epicenter42°13′N 122°04′W / 42.21°N 122.07°W / 42.21; -122.07
Areas affectedSouthern Oregon
Northern California
Total damage$10 million
Max. intensityMMI VII (Very strong)
Casualties2 dead

The 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes took place in Klamath Falls, Oregon, beginning on Monday, September 20 at 8:28 p.m. The doublet earthquake registered respective magnitudes of 6.0 and 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale. The earthquakes were located at a depth of 5.6 miles (9 km) and tremors continued to be felt more than three months after the initial shocks.

Tectonics and previous activity

The tectonic structure of south-central Oregon is riddled with fault lines. The West Klamath Lake fault zone is capable of earthquakes up to Richter magnitude 7.3. The magnitude 5.4 Coos Bay earthquake which preceded a later 2002 Klamath Falls earthquake occurred along the northern segment of the Blanco Fracture Zone, which is separate from the inland Klamath Basin and Range geological province.[1]

These fault networks have caused several previous earthquakes in the Klamath Falls area. Records from 1945 indicate approximately fifteen seismic events, prior to the 1993 events, circulating within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of Klamath Falls.[2] However, of those observed during the preceding fifty years, only six were considered significant.[3][4] Previously most tremors measured less than 4 Mw with the strongest being 4.3 Mw in 1948.[4]

Earthquake

The September 1993 earthquakes began striking at approximately 8:16 p.m. local time. The first major quake registered 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale with a foreshock registering 4.2 Mw about twelve minutes before.[3] The second major shock was at 10:45 p.m. Over the next five months at least 300 more tremors were recorded.[3][4] The strongest aftershock occurred on December 4, 1993, and measured 5.4Mw.[5]

The tremors during the September 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes were some of the strongest felt in Oregon's history over the past 50 years.[6] The first shock was only 4.2 Mw.[3] The two major quakes, which measured 5.9 and 6.0, were, up to that point in Oregon's history, the strongest recorded earthquakes and resulted in the most damage.[7][8]

The epicenter of both earthquakes was located northwest of Klamath Falls in the Mountain Lakes Wilderness.[1][9] The epicenter of the second major shock was slightly more to the north than the previous tremors.[3][4] The major shocks were felt as far north as Eugene, Oregon, and as far south as Redding, California.[5][9]

All of the shocks, from the first foreshock to the last aftershock some two months later, were clustered around latitude 42o20'N and longitude 122o05'W, west northwest of Klamath Falls.[10]

Damage and casualties

The destructive force of the 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes was measured at VII on the Mercalli intensity scale.[5] There were only two recorded casualties, one of which involved a motorist who was crushed in a rock slide on U.S. Route 97.[9] The second death was a result of a heart attack.[5]

The tremors precipitated landslides and also caused structural damage to buildings, including the county courthouse, in addition to private residences, businesses and historic buildings in Klamath Falls. Damage was estimated at $10 million.[7][9]

Aftermath

In the wake of the earthquakes, several damaged buildings in Klamath Falls and elsewhere in Klamath County had to be repaired. The city of Klamath Falls obtained a Community Development Block Grant which was used to partially fund upgrades to local public buildings, including the courthouse annex.[11]

Within three weeks after the first major shocks four seismographs were installed in the area by the U.S. Geological Survey. These were helpful in recording subsequent seismic activity.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Totten, Michael (July 24, 2009). "About the Klamath Falls earthquake". Living Local 360. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  2. ^ "Scientists not surprised by quake magnitude or location". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. September 22, 1993. p. A1.
  3. ^ a b c d e Braunmiller, Jochen; Nabelek, John; Leitner, Beate (January 15, 1995). "The 1993 Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquake sequence: Source mechanisms from regional data" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 22 (2): 105–108. Bibcode:1995GeoRL..22..105B. doi:10.1029/94GL02844. S2CID 128472543. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d Sherrod, D.R. (1993). "Historic and prehistoric earthquakes near Klamath Falls". Oregon, Earthquakes and Volcanoes. 24: 106–120.
  5. ^ a b c d "Historic earthquakes". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  6. ^ Brantley, Steven R. "Klamath Falls, Oregon, Earthquakes on September 20, 1993". Earthquakes & Volcanoes. 24 (3): 104.
  7. ^ a b Beach, Lee (May 24, 2007). "Schools will not withstand earthquake". Herald and News. Klamath Falls, Oregon.
  8. ^ Hull, Donald A. (1996). Ian P. Madin; Matthew M. Mabey (eds.). "Earthquake hazard maps for Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d Green, Ashbel S.; Long, James (September 21, 1993). "Quakes rattle southern Oregon". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. pp. A10, E1.
  10. ^ a b Thomas J. Wiley; et al. (November 1993). "Klamath Falls earthquakes, September 20, 1993 – Including the strongest quake ever measured in Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Geology. 55 (6): 127.
  11. ^ Zilverberg, Grace M. "Klamath Falls, Klamath County, Oregon" (PDF). Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative Assessment. Forest Community Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2014.