1980 United States presidential election in Virginia
1980 United States presidential election in Virginia
County and Independent City Results
Reagan
40–50%
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
Carter
40–50%
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
The 1980 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1980 United States presidential election . Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College , which selected the president and vice president of the United States.
Virginia had voted Republican at all but one of the previous seven presidential elections, largely due to its large white Washington and Richmond suburbs that received large-scale in-migration from the traditionally Republican Northeast,[ 1] alongside the Shenandoah Valley ,[ 2] being amongst the first traditionally Democratic areas of the former Confederacy to turn Republican at both the presidential level and in federal congressional elections.[ 3] After the collapse of the Byrd Organization and the expansion of the state's formerly small electorate via the Voting Rights Act , these trends intensified except in the heavily unionized coalfield portions of Southwest Virginia , where unlike elsewhere in the former Confederacy, many newly registered poor and working-class whites voted Democratic. In addition to voting Republican in six of seven presidential elections, the state's Congressional delegation would gain a Republican majority as early as the 91st Congress . Nevertheless, it was 1970 before significant GOP gains occurred in the state legislature, and it was generally acknowledged that President Nixon offered no support to down-ballot Republican candidates as he was carrying the state by a landslide margin against George McGovern ,[ 4] who lost every county or city in the state except Charles City .
Campaign
Republican nominee, former California Governor Ronald Reagan and Democratic candidate and incumbent United States President Jimmy Carter of Georgia both campaigned in Virginia during early October.[ 5] Independent state Senator Harry F. Byrd Jr. , who like his father had never previously endorsed a presidential candidate, would endorse Reagan in the middle of October, saying that Carter had a dismal record in controlling federal spending and the Soviet military build-up.[ 6]
59% of white voters supported Reagan while 33% supported Carter.
Predictions
Results
Results by county or independent city
County/City[ 14]
Ronald Reagan Republican
Jimmy Carter Democratic
John B. Anderson Independent
Barry Commoner Independent
Ed Clark Libertarian
Clifton DeBerry Independent
Margin
Total votes cast
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
Accomack
5,371
50.21%
4,872
45.54%
292
2.73%
78
0.73%
73
0.68%
12
0.11%
499
4.67%
10,698
Albemarle
10,424
53.23%
7,293
37.24%
1,435
7.33%
140
0.71%
282
1.44%
8
0.04%
3,131
15.99%
19,582
Alexandria
17,865
44.23%
17,134
42.42%
4,546
11.26%
458
1.13%
326
0.81%
59
0.15%
731
1.81%
40,388
Alleghany
2,185
45.94%
2,411
50.69%
116
2.44%
16
0.34%
26
0.55%
2
0.04%
-226
-4.75%
4,756
Amelia
1,969
53.20%
1,643
44.39%
52
1.41%
8
0.22%
23
0.62%
6
0.16%
326
8.81%
3,701
Amherst
5,088
57.56%
3,476
39.32%
208
2.35%
20
0.23%
45
0.51%
3
0.03%
1,612
18.24%
8,840
Appomattox
2,548
60.42%
1,492
35.38%
85
2.02%
64
1.52%
23
0.55%
5
0.12%
1,056
25.04%
4,217
Arlington
30,854
46.15%
26,502
39.64%
8,042
12.03%
652
0.98%
744
1.11%
67
0.10%
4,352
6.51%
66,861
Augusta
11,011
64.32%
5,202
30.39%
539
3.15%
254
1.48%
100
0.58%
14
0.08%
5,809
33.93%
17,120
Bath
921
45.89%
999
49.78%
70
3.49%
1
0.05%
16
0.80%
0
0.00%
-78
-3.89%
2,007
Bedford
6,608
55.81%
4,721
39.87%
336
2.84%
90
0.76%
66
0.56%
19
0.16%
1,887
15.94%
11,840
Bedford City
1,145
47.26%
1,149
47.42%
75
3.10%
32
1.32%
20
0.83%
2
0.08%
-4
-0.16%
2,423
Bland
1,278
54.50%
1,002
42.73%
35
1.49%
16
0.68%
11
0.47%
3
0.13%
276
11.77%
2,345
Botetourt
4,408
51.24%
3,698
42.99%
329
3.82%
86
1.00%
71
0.83%
10
0.12%
710
8.25%
8,602
Bristol
3,432
52.68%
2,889
44.34%
160
2.46%
3
0.05%
31
0.48%
0
0.00%
543
8.34%
6,515
Brunswick
2,310
39.39%
3,430
58.49%
70
1.19%
22
0.38%
26
0.44%
6
0.10%
-1,120
-19.10%
5,864
Buchanan
4,554
42.85%
5,768
54.27%
95
0.89%
167
1.57%
37
0.35%
8
0.08%
-1,214
-11.42%
10,629
Buckingham
1,864
47.51%
1,933
49.27%
77
1.96%
22
0.56%
20
0.51%
7
0.18%
-69
-1.76%
3,923
Buena Vista
942
45.09%
1,031
49.35%
59
2.82%
38
1.82%
12
0.57%
7
0.34%
-89
-4.26%
2,089
Campbell
9,592
65.16%
4,473
30.39%
396
2.69%
167
1.13%
75
0.51%
18
0.12%
5,119
34.77%
14,721
Caroline
2,071
40.18%
2,924
56.73%
116
2.25%
15
0.29%
27
0.52%
1
0.02%
-853
-16.55%
5,154
Carroll
5,905
61.29%
3,437
35.68%
183
1.90%
37
0.38%
63
0.65%
9
0.09%
2,468
25.61%
9,634
Charles City
506
23.74%
1,564
73.39%
39
1.83%
7
0.33%
10
0.47%
5
0.23%
-1,058
-49.65%
2,131
Charlotte
2,322
51.26%
2,108
46.53%
59
1.30%
25
0.55%
8
0.18%
8
0.18%
214
4.73%
4,530
Charlottesville
5,907
40.56%
6,866
47.15%
1,377
9.46%
25
0.55%
8
0.18%
8
0.18%
-959
-6.59%
14,562
Chesapeake
17,888
48.47%
17,155
46.49%
1,189
3.22%
245
1.68%
148
1.02%
19
0.13%
733
1.98%
36,904
Chesterfield
37,908
70.71%
13,060
24.36%
2,182
4.07%
93
0.17%
353
0.66%
17
0.03%
24,848
46.35%
53,613
Clarke
1,876
57.44%
1,156
35.39%
177
5.42%
14
0.43%
40
1.22%
3
0.09%
720
22.05%
3,266
Clifton Forge
716
39.23%
1,012
55.45%
68
3.73%
388
1.05%
216
0.59%
68
0.18%
-296
-16.22%
1,825
Colonial Heights
5,012
70.96%
1,692
23.96%
219
3.10%
21
1.15%
6
0.33%
2
0.11%
3,320
47.00%
7,063
Covington
1,187
37.68%
1,813
57.56%
101
3.21%
99
1.40%
38
0.54%
3
0.04%
-626
-19.88%
3,150
Craig
768
43.17%
946
53.18%
41
2.30%
5
0.28%
18
1.01%
1
0.06%
-178
-10.01%
1,779
Culpeper
4,312
59.43%
2,519
34.72%
231
3.18%
127
1.75%
55
0.76%
11
0.15%
1,793
24.71%
7,255
Cumberland
1,515
50.10%
1,355
44.81%
51
1.69%
74
2.45%
19
0.63%
10
0.33%
160
5.29%
3,024
Danville
10,665
61.43%
6,138
35.35%
296
1.70%
198
1.14%
56
0.32%
9
0.05%
4,527
26.08%
17,362
Dickenson
3,687
46.12%
4,177
52.25%
77
0.96%
16
0.20%
31
0.39%
7
0.09%
-490
-6.13%
7,995
Dinwiddie
3,369
48.01%
3,475
49.52%
107
1.52%
27
0.38%
30
0.43%
10
0.14%
-106
-1.51%
7,018
Emporia
988
51.95%
855
44.95%
41
2.16%
7
0.37%
8
0.42%
3
0.16%
133
7.00%
1,902
Essex
1,581
52.93%
1,280
42.85%
76
2.54%
26
0.87%
20
0.67%
4
0.13%
301
10.08%
2,987
Fairfax
137,620
57.41%
73,734
30.76%
24,605
10.26%
1,557
0.65%
1,933
0.81%
256
0.11%
63,886
26.65%
239,705
Fairfax City
4,475
55.91%
2,614
32.66%
800
10.00%
42
0.52%
65
0.81%
8
0.10%
1,861
23.25%
8,004
Falls Church
2,485
52.23%
1,703
35.79%
497
10.45%
113
0.97%
93
0.80%
15
0.13%
782
16.44%
4,758
Fauquier
6,782
58.11%
4,119
35.30%
548
4.70%
113
0.97%
93
0.80%
15
0.13%
2,663
22.81%
11,670
Floyd
2,447
56.60%
1,642
37.98%
131
3.03%
59
1.36%
42
0.97%
2
0.05%
805
18.62%
4,323
Fluvanna
1,605
50.41%
1,424
44.72%
108
3.39%
17
0.53%
28
0.88%
2
0.06%
181
5.69%
3,184
Franklin
4,993
45.02%
5,685
51.26%
304
2.74%
40
0.36%
63
0.57%
5
0.05%
-692
-6.24%
11,090
Franklin City
1,045
42.55%
1,324
53.91%
62
2.52%
5
0.20%
15
0.61%
5
0.20%
-279
-11.36%
2,456
Frederick
7,293
67.61%
2,948
27.33%
455
4.22%
26
0.24%
62
0.57%
3
0.03%
4,345
40.28%
10,787
Fredericksburg
2,502
50.36%
2,174
43.76%
245
4.93%
9
0.18%
34
0.68%
4
0.08%
328
6.60%
4,968
Galax
1,188
51.81%
1,061
46.27%
31
1.35%
3
0.13%
6
0.26%
4
0.17%
127
5.54%
2,293
Giles
2,978
42.91%
3,627
52.26%
211
3.04%
54
0.78%
63
0.91%
7
0.10%
-649
-9.35%
6,940
Gloucester
4,261
53.96%
3,138
39.74%
354
4.48%
76
0.96%
56
0.71%
12
0.15%
1,123
14.22%
7,897
Goochland
2,423
49.68%
2,290
46.96%
113
2.32%
11
0.23%
32
0.66%
8
0.16%
133
2.72%
4,877
Grayson
3,494
53.37%
2,875
43.91%
106
1.62%
26
0.40%
39
0.60%
7
0.11%
619
9.46%
6,547
Greene
1,702
60.55%
925
32.91%
105
3.74%
47
1.67%
22
0.78%
10
0.36%
777
27.64%
2,811
Greensville
1,583
41.66%
2,142
56.37%
39
1.03%
18
0.47%
12
0.32%
6
0.16%
-559
-14.71%
3,800
Halifax
5,088
51.73%
4,528
46.03%
125
1.27%
57
0.58%
30
0.31%
8
0.08%
560
5.70%
9,836
Hampton
17,023
45.08%
18,517
49.03%
1,598
4.23%
329
0.87%
234
0.62%
64
0.17%
-1,494
-3.95%
37,765
Hanover
14,262
70.02%
5,383
26.43%
589
2.89%
32
0.16%
99
0.49%
3
0.01%
8,879
43.59%
20,368
Harrisonburg
3,388
58.45%
1,896
32.71%
403
6.95%
61
1.05%
39
0.67%
9
0.16%
1,492
25.74%
5,796
Henrico
50,505
66.85%
21,023
27.83%
2,956
3.91%
595
0.79%
422
0.56%
50
0.07%
29,482
39.02%
75,551
Henry
8,258
46.44%
8,800
49.49%
355
2.00%
247
1.39%
103
0.58%
20
0.11%
-542
-3.05%
17,783
Highland
751
58.76%
487
38.11%
25
1.96%
10
0.78%
5
0.39%
0
0.00%
264
20.65%
1,278
Hopewell
4,423
56.19%
3,102
39.41%
178
2.26%
97
1.23%
57
0.72%
15
0.19%
1,321
16.78%
7,872
Isle of Wight
3,526
45.30%
3,951
50.76%
197
2.53%
35
0.45%
64
0.82%
11
0.14%
-425
-5.46%
7,784
James City
4,289
53.29%
3,068
38.12%
551
6.85%
71
0.88%
55
0.68%
14
0.17%
1,221
15.17%
8,048
King and Queen
949
44.14%
1,128
52.47%
43
2.00%
5
0.23%
21
0.98%
4
0.19%
-179
-8.33%
2,150
King George
1,784
53.54%
1,318
39.56%
185
5.55%
7
0.21%
35
1.05%
3
0.09%
466
13.98%
3,332
King William
2,036
56.54%
1,446
40.16%
80
2.22%
14
0.39%
24
0.67%
1
0.03%
590
16.38%
3,601
Lancaster
2,780
61.01%
1,567
34.39%
106
2.33%
69
1.51%
24
0.53%
11
0.24%
1,213
26.62%
4,557
Lee
4,417
47.10%
4,758
50.74%
137
1.46%
28
0.30%
33
0.35%
4
0.04%
-341
-3.64%
9,377
Lexington
956
45.90%
963
46.23%
129
6.19%
16
0.77%
19
0.91%
0
0.00%
-7
-0.33%
2,083
Loudoun
12,076
58.93%
6,694
32.67%
1,312
6.40%
201
0.98%
166
0.81%
43
0.21%
5,382
26.26%
20,492
Louisa
2,633
46.14%
2,809
49.23%
160
2.80%
38
0.67%
58
1.02%
8
0.14%
-176
-3.09%
5,706
Lunenburg
2,045
49.44%
1,958
47.34%
59
1.43%
55
1.33%
8
0.19%
11
0.27%
87
2.10%
4,136
Lynchburg
15,245
62.44%
7,783
31.88%
854
3.50%
373
1.53%
128
0.52%
34
0.14%
7,462
30.56%
24,417
Madison
1,959
55.64%
1,351
38.37%
156
4.43%
27
0.77%
27
0.77%
1
0.03%
608
17.27%
3,521
Manassas
3,009
60.76%
1,565
31.60%
318
6.42%
23
0.46%
31
0.63%
6
0.12%
1,444
29.16%
4,952
Manassas Park
729
58.13%
447
35.65%
52
4.15%
7
0.56%
19
1.52%
0
0.00%
282
22.48%
1,254
Martinsville
3,433
48.82%
3,337
47.45%
162
2.30%
70
1.00%
22
0.31%
8
0.11%
96
1.37%
7,032
Mathews
2,204
59.31%
1,300
34.98%
148
3.98%
37
1.00%
19
0.51%
8
0.22%
904
24.33%
3,716
Mecklenburg
4,853
54.45%
3,790
42.52%
142
1.59%
81
0.91%
32
0.36%
15
0.17%
1,063
11.93%
8,913
Middlesex
1,810
54.13%
1,395
41.72%
90
2.69%
25
0.75%
15
0.45%
9
0.27%
415
12.41%
3,344
Montgomery
8,222
47.41%
7,455
42.98%
1,400
8.07%
93
0.54%
161
0.93%
13
0.07%
767
4.43%
17,344
Nelson
1,866
41.50%
2,410
53.60%
143
3.18%
35
0.78%
41
0.91%
1
0.02%
-544
-12.10%
4,496
New Kent
1,739
57.30%
1,204
39.67%
68
2.24%
9
0.30%
15
0.49%
0
0.00%
535
17.63%
3,035
Newport News
22,423
47.73%
22,066
46.97%
2,068
4.40%
114
0.24%
268
0.57%
43
0.09%
357
0.76%
46,982
Norfolk
27,506
40.93%
35,118
52.26%
3,333
4.96%
623
0.93%
488
0.73%
132
0.20%
-7,612
-11.33%
67,200
Northampton
2,165
45.65%
2,363
49.82%
114
2.40%
53
1.12%
34
0.72%
14
0.30%
-198
-4.17%
4,743
Northumberland
2,598
60.00%
1,551
35.82%
109
2.52%
42
0.97%
20
0.46%
10
0.23%
1,047
24.18%
4,330
Norton
572
40.86%
762
54.43%
42
3.00%
12
0.86%
11
0.79%
1
0.07%
-190
-13.57%
1,400
Nottoway
2,813
50.13%
2,593
46.21%
113
2.01%
63
1.12%
22
0.39%
7
0.12%
220
3.92%
5,611
Orange
3,381
54.90%
2,420
39.30%
241
3.91%
54
0.88%
58
0.94%
4
0.06%
961
15.60%
6,158
Page
4,297
60.20%
2,607
36.52%
161
2.26%
27
0.38%
41
0.57%
5
0.07%
1,690
23.68%
7,138
Patrick
3,436
56.12%
2,382
38.90%
105
1.71%
154
2.52%
35
0.57%
11
0.18%
1,054
17.22%
6,123
Petersburg
5,001
37.67%
7,931
59.73%
254
1.91%
21
0.16%
63
0.47%
7
0.05%
-2,930
-22.06%
13,277
Pittsylvania
12,022
59.28%
7,653
37.74%
250
1.23%
275
1.36%
54
0.27%
26
0.13%
4,369
21.54%
20,280
Poquoson
2,338
68.78%
877
25.80%
158
4.65%
5
0.15%
21
0.62%
0
0.00%
1,461
42.98%
3,399
Portsmouth
13,660
38.00%
20,900
58.14%
1,124
3.13%
79
0.22%
171
0.48%
15
0.04%
-7,240
-20.14%
35,949
Powhatan
2,933
64.18%
1,484
32.47%
98
2.14%
9
0.20%
39
0.85%
7
0.15%
1,449
31.71%
4,570
Prince Edward
2,774
49.55%
2,553
45.61%
137
2.45%
82
1.46%
41
0.73%
11
0.20%
221
3.94%
5,598
Prince George
3,389
57.56%
2,310
39.23%
130
2.21%
12
0.20%
40
0.68%
7
0.12%
1,079
18.33%
5,888
Prince William
23,061
58.95%
12,787
32.69%
2,676
6.84%
226
0.58%
313
0.80%
56
0.14%
10,274
26.26%
39,119
Pulaski
5,747
47.73%
5,769
47.92%
343
2.85%
92
0.76%
81
0.67%
8
0.07%
-22
-0.19%
12,040
Radford
1,964
44.01%
2,225
49.85%
233
5.22%
18
0.40%
21
0.47%
2
0.04%
-261
-5.84%
4,463
Rappahannock
1,179
49.81%
1,055
44.57%
99
4.18%
11
0.46%
21
0.89%
2
0.08%
124
5.24%
2,367
Richmond
1,567
62.81%
854
34.23%
49
1.96%
8
0.32%
14
0.56%
3
0.12%
713
28.58%
2,495
Richmond City
34,629
39.76%
47,975
55.08%
3,502
4.02%
330
0.38%
625
0.72%
45
0.05%
-13,346
-15.32%
87,106
Roanoke
17,182
55.76%
12,114
39.31%
1,286
4.17%
45
0.15%
180
0.58%
7
0.02%
5,068
16.45%
30,814
Roanoke City
15,164
43.39%
18,139
51.91%
1,350
3.86%
75
0.21%
207
0.59%
11
0.03%
-2,975
-8.52%
34,946
Rockbridge
2,784
49.04%
2,475
43.60%
296
5.21%
62
1.09%
54
0.95%
6
0.11%
309
5.44%
5,677
Rockingham
11,397
63.82%
5,294
29.64%
771
4.32%
233
1.30%
143
0.80%
21
0.12%
6,103
34.18%
17,859
Russell
4,778
43.94%
5,764
53.01%
125
1.15%
159
1.46%
38
0.35%
10
0.09%
-986
-9.07%
10,874
Salem
4,862
51.78%
4,091
43.57%
359
3.82%
17
0.18%
50
0.53%
10
0.11%
771
8.21%
9,389
Scott
4,744
50.54%
4,314
45.96%
153
1.63%
145
1.54%
27
0.29%
4
0.04%
430
4.58%
9,387
Shenandoah
7,517
67.10%
3,137
28.00%
385
3.44%
59
0.53%
95
0.85%
10
0.09%
4,380
39.10%
11,203
Smyth
6,033
50.86%
5,335
44.98%
224
1.89%
190
1.60%
64
0.54%
15
0.13%
698
5.88%
11,861
South Boston
1,615
60.97%
971
36.66%
51
1.93%
5
0.19%
6
0.23%
1
0.04%
644
24.31%
2,649
Southampton
2,997
45.50%
3,347
50.81%
163
2.47%
24
0.36%
49
0.74%
7
0.11%
-350
-5.31%
6,587
Spotsylvania
5,385
53.82%
4,039
40.37%
464
4.64%
29
0.29%
72
0.72%
16
0.16%
1,346
13.45%
10,005
Stafford
7,106
58.85%
4,211
34.87%
623
5.16%
28
0.23%
100
0.83%
7
0.06%
2,895
23.98%
12,075
Staunton
4,819
60.79%
2,658
33.53%
311
3.92%
89
1.12%
42
0.53%
8
0.10%
2,161
27.26%
7,927
Suffolk
7,179
42.82%
9,064
54.07%
360
2.15%
56
0.33%
98
0.58%
8
0.05%
-1,885
-11.25%
16,765
Surry
962
34.10%
1,756
62.25%
63
2.23%
9
0.32%
24
0.85%
7
0.25%
-794
-28.15%
2,821
Sussex
1,664
38.94%
2,447
57.27%
86
2.01%
31
0.73%
26
0.61%
19
0.44%
-783
-18.33%
4,273
Tazewell
7,021
48.67%
7,003
48.55%
225
1.56%
110
0.76%
61
0.42%
5
0.03%
18
0.12%
14,425
Virginia Beach
47,936
60.50%
24,895
31.42%
4,830
6.10%
690
0.87%
764
0.96%
120
0.15%
23,041
29.08%
79,235
Warren
3,861
55.79%
2,597
37.53%
297
4.29%
104
1.50%
46
0.66%
15
0.22%
1,264
18.26%
6,920
Washington
8,402
53.87%
6,390
40.97%
382
2.45%
320
2.05%
79
0.51%
24
0.15%
2,012
12.90%
15,597
Waynesboro
3,697
61.84%
1,926
32.22%
255
4.27%
72
1.20%
23
0.38%
5
0.08%
1,771
29.62%
5,978
Westmoreland
2,510
50.31%
2,271
45.52%
133
2.67%
44
0.88%
24
0.48%
7
0.14%
239
4.79%
4,989
Williamsburg
1,344
45.51%
1,199
40.60%
340
11.51%
41
1.39%
26
0.88%
3
0.10%
145
4.91%
2,953
Winchester
4,240
64.02%
2,006
30.29%
320
4.83%
18
0.27%
34
0.51%
5
0.08%
2,234
33.73%
6,623
Wise
5,767
43.89%
6,779
51.59%
258
1.96%
267
2.03%
50
0.38%
20
0.15%
-1,012
-7.70%
13,141
Wythe
4,758
54.28%
3,677
41.95%
164
1.87%
95
1.08%
61
0.70%
11
0.13%
1,081
12.33%
8,766
York
6,744
55.58%
4,532
37.35%
723
5.96%
36
0.30%
95
0.78%
3
0.02%
2,212
18.23%
12,133
Totals
989,609
53.03%
752,174
40.31%
95,418
5.11%
14,024
0.75%
12,821
0.69%
1,986
0.11%
237,435
12.72%
1,866,032
Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Results by congressional district
Reagan won 9 of 10 congressional districts. Carter and Reagan each won a district won by the other party.[ 15]
Analysis
Virginia was ultimately won by Reagan with a substantially larger majority than predicted by the Roanoke Times a week before the poll. Reagan received 53.03 percent of the vote to Carter's 40.31 percent and Independent Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois ’s 5.11 percent, which was still Anderson's second-best performance in a former Confederate state.[ 16] The national election was ultimately won by Reagan with 50.75 percent of the vote.[ 17] In this election, Virginia voted 2.98 points to the right of the nation at-large.
As of the 2020 presidential election [update] , this is the last occasion when Franklin County , Isle of Wight County , Craig County , Louisa County and Pulaski County have voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It is also the last time Arlington County and Alexandria City have voted for a Republican presidential candidate.[ 18]
References
^ Heinemann, Ronald L. (2008). Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-2007 . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . p. 357. ISBN 0813927692 .
^ Phillips , Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority . pp. 260–266. ISBN 0870000586 .
^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780742552098 .
^ Evans, Rowland; Novak, Robert (October 16, 1972). "Consider Virginia: McGovern, Nixon Creating a No-Party System in South". The Miami Herald . pp. 7-A.
^ Wharton, Elizabeth (October 3, 1980). "Carter, Reagan Stump Virginia". Ukiah Daily Journal . Ukiah , California . p. 2.
^ "Byrd Says He'll Vote for Reagan". Daily Press . Newport News , Virginia . October 15, 1980. p. 3.
^ Mears, Walter R. (October 26, 1980). "Carter–Reagan Race Tightens Near Finish". Kansas City Star . pp. 1A, 14A.
^ Beagle, Ben (October 26, 1980). "Survey Says Reagan Leading by 9% in Virginia". The Roanoke Times . Roanoke , Virginia . pp. 1, 3.
^ "Survey Says Reagan is 68 Votes Short". Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond , Virginia . October 26, 1980. p. A-2.
^ "Down by the Wire: State by State, It's Just too Close to Call". Daily Press . Victorville , California . November 3, 1980. p. B-1.
^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1980" (PDF) . clerk.house.gov . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2022.
^ "1980 President General Election" . Virginia Department of State: Historical Elections Database . Retrieved September 13, 2024 .
^ Politics in America (Report). Congressional Quarterly, inc. 1981. pp. 1234–1251.
^ "1980 Presidential General Election Results — Virginia" . uselectionatlas.org . Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 25, 2023 .
^ "1980 Presidential General Election Data — National" . uselectionatlas.org . Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 25, 2023 .
^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’ ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29, 2016
Works cited