Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 8 November 1925.[1] The result was a victory for the Democratic Party, which won 83 of the 163 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 39 of the 70 seats in the Senate.[2] Following a military coup in 1926 and the subsequent Estado Novo period, the 1925 elections were the last truly multi-party elections in Portugal until the 1975 Constituent Assembly elections.[3]
Background
In the 1922 parliamentary elections the Democratic Party emerged as the largest party but failed to win a majority of seats. Party leader Afonso Costa subsequently chose not to form government.[4][5] Instead, António Maria da Silva, also of the Democratic Party, became Prime Minister on 6 February,[5] leading a minority government supported by the Reconstitution Party, the Catholic Centre Party, the Regionalist Party and several independents.[4] However, his government failed to serve a full term after being forced to resign following a motion of no confidence in November 1923. Further instability resulted in seven different governments holding office in the subsequent period until the 1925 elections.
Contesting parties
Nationalist Republican Party
The Republican Liberal Party (PLR) emerged as the largest party following the 1921 elections, narrowly falling short of winning majorities in both chambers of parliament. However, in the 1922 elections they finished a distant second to the Democratic Party. This defeat led to the PLR seeking other ways of forming a conservative republican coalition capable of defeating the Democratic Party and holding onto power.[4]
On 14 May 1922, the PLR convinced Francisco Cunha Leal to join the party. This was viewed as a significant moment, as Cunha Leal was perceived as a hero by PLR members, having tried to save PLR leader António Granjo from assassination during the Bloody Night. After some failed attempts at negotiation with the Reconstitution Party, on 2 December 1922 the two parties formed a coalition in the House of Representatives, led by Álvaro de Castro. This coalition was able to get Alfredo de Sá Cardoso elected President of the House of Representatives due to some representatives of other parties not being present. The two parties formed a coalition in the Senate ten days later. On 4 January 1923 the two parties formally merged, forming the Nationalist Republican Party.[4]
At the end of March 1923, members of other small parties such as the Reformist Party (previously led by António Machado Santos) and the National Republican Federation also decided to join the NRP.[4]
During the First Portuguese Republic, associations of employers took two different approaches to promote their interests. Before 1924, they attempted to exert political power indirectly, by influencing the government and its economic policies. After 1924, they form the Union of Economic Interests (UEI) as an attempt to exert political power directly. The UEI was led by the Commercial Association of Lisbon and also included members of other employer associations, including the União Agrária (Agrarian Union), the Associação Industrial Portuguesa (Portuguese Industrial Association) and the Associação Comercial de Lojistas (Commercial Association of Shopkeepers). Part of the UEI's political strategy included the acquisition of newspapers, including O Primeiro de Janeiro, the Diário de Notícias and O Século.[7]
.jpg)
