1820–21 United States Senate elections

1820–21 United States Senate elections
← 1818 & 1819 Dates vary by state 1822 & 1823 →
15 of the 46 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections)
24 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Democratic-Republican Federalist
Last election 30 seats 9 seats
Seats before 37 9
Seats won 11 1
Seats after 38 5
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 4
Seats up 10 5
Results:
     Dem-Republican hold      Dem-Republican gain
     Federalist hold      Legislature Failed To Elect
Majority Party before election


Democratic-Republican

Elected Majority Party


Democratic-Republican

The 1820–21 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, corresponding with James Monroe's landslide re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1820 and 1821, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

The Democratic-Republican Party gain one-to-five seats (in the general and special elections), assuming almost complete control of the Senate.

Results summary

Senate party division, 17th Congress (1821–1823)

  • Majority party: Democratic-Republican (39–43)
  • Minority party: Federalist (4)
  • Vacant: (3–1)
  • Total seats: 46–48

Change in composition

Before the elections

Composition after the June 13 and 14, 1820 elections in Maine.

DR1
Maine
New seat 		DR2 DR3
DR13 DR12 DR11 DR10 DR9 DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4
DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18 DR19 DR20 DR21 DR22 DR23
Majority → DR24
DR33
N.Y.
Ran 		DR32
N.J.
Ran 		DR31
Miss.
Ran 		DR30
Md.
Ran 		DR29
Maine
New seat
Ran 		DR28
Ind.
Ran 		DR27 DR26 DR25
DR34
Ohio
Ran 		DR35
Va.
Ran 		DR36
Pa.
Unknown 		DR37
Tenn.
Unknown 		F9
Vt.
Retired 		F8
Del.
Retired 		F7
R.I.
Unknown 		F6
Mass.
Ran 		F5
Conn.
Ran 		F4
F1 F2 F3

Result of the general elections

DR1 DR2 DR3
DR13 DR12 DR11 DR10 DR9 DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4
DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18 DR19 DR20 DR21 DR22 DR23
Majority → DR24
DR33
Va.
Re-elected 		DR32
Ohio
Re-elected 		DR31
Miss.
Re-elected 		DR30
Md.
Re-elected 		DR29
Maine
Re-elected 		DR28
Ind.
Re-elected 		DR27 DR26 DR25
DR34
N.J.
Hold 		DR35
N.Y.
Hold 		DR36
Conn.
Gain 		DR37
R.I.
Gain 		DR38
Vt.
Gain 		V1
Pa.
DR loss 		V2
Tenn.
DR loss 		V3
Del.
F loss 		F5
Mass.
Re-elected 		F4
F1 F2 F3

Result of the special elections in the next Congress

DR1
Mo.
New seat 		DR2
Mo.
New seat 		DR3 DR4
Ga.
Hold
DR14 DR13 DR12 DR11 DR10 DR9 DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5
DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18 DR19 DR20 DR21 DR22 DR23 DR24
Majority → DR25
DR34 DR33 DR32 DR31 DR30 DR29 DR28 DR27 DR26
DR35 DR36 DR37 DR38 DR39 DR40 DR41
Pa.
Gain 		DR42
Tenn.
Gain 		V1 F5
F1 F2 F3 F4
Key:
DR# Democratic-Republican
F# Federalist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the preceding Congress

In these special elections, the winner was elected during 1820 or before March 4, 1821; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
New York
(Class 3) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect in 1818/1819.
Previous incumbent was elected January 8, 1820.
Federalist gain.
Massachusetts
(Class 1) 		Prentiss Mellen Federalist 1820 (special) Incumbent resigned to become Chief Justice of Maine.
New senator elected June 12, 1820.
Winner was also elected to the next term.
Federalist hold.
Maine
(Class 1) 		None (new state) New senator elected June 13, 1820 on the second ballot.
Winner was also elected to the next term.
Democratic-Republican gain. 		First ballot:

Second ballot:
Maine
(Class 2) 		New senator elected June 14, 1820.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Mississippi
(Class 1) 		Walter Leake Democratic-
Republican 		1817 Incumbent resigned May 15, 1820.
New senator elected August 30, 1820.
Winner was also elected to the next term.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Kentucky
(Class 3) 		William Logan Democratic-
Republican 		1818 Incumbent resigned May 28, 1820 to run for Governor of Kentucky.
New senator elected October 19, 1820.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Rhode Island
(Class 2) 		James Burrill Jr. Federalist 1816 Incumbent died December 25, 1820.
New senator elected January 9, 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.

Races leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1821; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Connecticut Samuel Dana Federalist 1810 (special)
1814 		Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected March 4, 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Delaware Outerbridge Horsey Federalist 1810 (special)
1815 		Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Federalist loss.
A Democratic-Republican was later elected in 1822.
Indiana James Noble Democratic-
Republican 		1816 Incumbent re-elected in 1821.
Maine John Holmes Democratic-
Republican 		1820 Incumbent re-elected January 31, 1821.
Maryland William Pinkney Democratic-
Republican 		1819 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1820 or 1821.
Massachusetts Elijah H. Mills Federalist 1820 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1820.[2]
Mississippi David Holmes Democratic-
Republican 		1820 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1820 or 1821.
New Jersey James J. Wilson Democratic-
Republican 		1815 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected November 11, 1820.[3]
Democratic-Republican hold.
Incumbent then resigned January 8, 1821, and winner was appointed to finish the term.
New York Nathan Sanford Democratic-
Republican 		1809 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected February 6, 1821.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Ohio Benjamin Ruggles Democratic-
Republican 		1815 Incumbent re-elected in 1820 or 1821.
Pennsylvania Jonathan Roberts Democratic-
Republican 		1814 (special)
1814 		Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic-Republican loss.
New senator would later be elected in 1821.
[data missing]
Rhode Island William Hunter Federalist 1811 (special)
1814 		Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1820 or 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Tennessee John H. Eaton Democratic-
Republican 		1818 (appointed)
1819 (special) 		Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic-Republican loss.
New senator would later be elected September 27, 1821; see below.[4]
[data missing]
Vermont Isaac Tichenor Federalist 1796 (special)
1796
1797 (resigned)
1814 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Virginia James Barbour Democratic-
Republican 		1814 (special)
1814 		Incumbent re-elected in 1821.

Special elections during the next Congress

In this special election, the winner was elected in 1821 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Missouri
(Class 1) 		None (new state) New senator elected August 10, 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Missouri
(Class 3) 		New senator elected August 10, 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Tennessee
(Class 1) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator re-elected late September 27, 1821.[4]
Democratic-Republican gain.
Georgia
(Class 2) 		Freeman Walker Democratic-
Republican 		1819 (special) Incumbent resigned August 6, 1821.
New senator elected November 10, 1821.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Pennsylvania
(Class 1) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator elected December 10, 1821.
Democratic-Republican gain.

Connecticut

See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

Delaware

See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

Georgia (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia

Indiana

See also: List of United States senators from Indiana

Kentucky (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Maine

See also: List of United States senators from Maine

John Holmes (Democratic-Republican) was elected as one of the new states first pair of senators whose terms began with June 13, 1820, statehood. He was elected to the class 1 seat's short term, which ended March 3, 1821, and was re-elected January 31, 1821, to the term starting March 4, 1821.

John Chandler (Democratic-Republican) as elected to the class 2 seat's long term, and his term would end March 3, 1823.

Maryland

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
1821 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1819 December 7, 1821 1822 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate William Pinkney
Party Democratic-Republican
Legislative vote -
Percentage -%

William Pinkney won election by an unknown number of votes, for the Class 1 seat.[5]

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

Massachusetts (regular)

Massachusetts (special)

Mississippi

See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi

Mississippi (regular)

Mississippi (special)

Missouri

See also: List of United States senators from Missouri

New Jersey

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey

New York

See also: List of United States senators from New York

New York (regular)

Main article: 1821 United States Senate election in New York

New York (special)

Ohio

See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

Pennsylvania

Main article: 1820–1821 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island

Rhode Island (regular)

Rhode Island (special)

Tennessee

See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee

Tennessee (regular)

Tennessee (special)

Vermont

See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Massachusetts 1820 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. November 11, 1820. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "New Jersey 1820 U.S. Senate". A New Nation Votes. Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives. November 11, 1820. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  4. ^ a b "EATON, John Henry, (1790 - 1856)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  5. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Dec 07, 1821". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.

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