Łeba

Łeba
Neptun hotel
Neptun hotel
Flag of Łeba
Flag
Coat of arms of Łeba
Coat of arms
Łeba is located in Poland
Łeba
Łeba
Coordinates: 54°47′N 17°33′E / 54.783°N 17.550°E / 54.783; 17.550
Country Poland
VoivodeshipPomeranian
CountyLębork
GminaŁeba (urban gmina)
First mentioned1282
Town rights1357
Area
 • Total
14.8 km2 (5.7 sq mi)
Population
 (31 December 2019)
 • Total
3,601[1]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
84–360
Vehicle registrationGLE
Websitewww.leba.eu

Łeba (pronounced: Web-ah, Kashubian: Łeba; German: Leba) is a seaside town in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of northern Poland. It is located in the region of Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomerelia), near Łebsko Lake and the mouth of the river Łeba on the Slovincian Coast of the Baltic Sea.

History

Aerial view of Łeba

The Pomerelian settlement of Łeba was first mentioned in a 1282 document of Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania.[2] At that time the village was located about two kilometers (1.2 miles) west from the present mouth of the Łeba River. The church of St. Nicholas was mentioned in 1296.[2] Łeba was part of fragmented Poland until 1309, when it was annexed by the Teutonic Order after their takeover of Gdańsk.[2] Łeba received municipal rights by the State of the Teutonic Order in 1357. Located at the Łebsko Lake at the Baltic Sea, it developed to a fishing port and a wood marketplace.

In 1440, the town joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule,[3] and upon the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.[4] With Lauenburg (Lębork) Land it became a Polish fief during the Thirteen Years' War in 1455, held by the Dukes of Pomerania.

Old Łeba was threatened for many centuries by floods and expanding sand dunes and therefore was rebuilt in a safer location after 1558. The town was reintegrated with the Polish Crown after the death of the last Pomeranian duke Bogislaw XIV as part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, until King John II Casimir Vasa enfeoffed Elector Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia with Lauenburg Land by the 1657 Treaty of Bydgoszcz.

With the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Łeba was incorporated into Prussia. Soon after a large port was built on instruction of the Prussian king, whereby a 34-metre (112-foot) broad channel between the Leba lake and the Baltic Sea was dug, which however did not weather the storms on the coast. Due to its picturesque setting, the Leba seaside after World War I became a popular resort for German bohémiens. The painter Max Pechstein and other expressionists frequented the place.

In the proximity of Leba there is a large former testing area for long-range rocket weapons operated by the Rheinmetall company. On the Leba spit the German long-range rocket Rheinbote was tested between 1941 and 1945. Also the V-1 flying bomb was tested here from 1943 to 1945. Between 1963 and 1973 33 Meteor sounding rockets were launched from Łeba.[5]

In March 1945, shortly before the end of World War II, the region was occupied by the Red Army. Following the Potsdam Conference, after the end of the war the town became again part of Poland.

Landmarks

There is an abundance of architectural and natural attractions near Łeba, above all the Słowiński National Park with its moving sand dunes, about 8 kilometres (5 miles) west of the city. Further objects of interest include:

  • Ruins of the St. Nicholas church west of the city
  • Fishermen's church of 1683 with a painting by Max Pechstein
  • Fishermen's dwellings from the 19th century in Kościuszki street
  • 19th century casino on Nadmorska street, today the Hotel Neptun
  • Former rocket test site near Pletka[6]
  • Dinosaur park[7] south of the city
  • Yacht port in Łeba
    Yacht port in Łeba
  • Beachgoers on the white sand dunes of Łeba
    Beachgoers on the white sand dunes of Łeba
  • Nadmorska, one of the main tourist streets in Łeba, facing west
    Nadmorska, one of the main tourist streets in Łeba, facing west
  • Port of Łeba
    Port of Łeba

Climate

Łeba has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).[8][9]

Climate data for Łeba (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		22.6
(72.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.7
(92.7) 		34.9
(94.8) 		37.2
(99.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		11.9
(53.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.6
(33.1) 		2.7
(36.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.2
(52.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		8.4
(47.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.1
(28.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.2
(43.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		5.1
(41.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −11.7
(10.9) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		7.8
(46.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−14.5
(5.9)
Record low °C (°F) −23.2
(−9.8) 		−27.4
(−17.3) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−19.7
(−3.5) 		−27.4
(−17.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.0
(1.69) 		34.0
(1.34) 		37.7
(1.48) 		27.9
(1.10) 		48.7
(1.92) 		53.2
(2.09) 		73.3
(2.89) 		79.8
(3.14) 		75.1
(2.96) 		76.8
(3.02) 		58.9
(2.32) 		53.2
(2.09) 		661.7
(26.05)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.7
(1.9) 		5.9
(2.3) 		3.4
(1.3) 		0.5
(0.2) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.1) 		1.1
(0.4) 		4.4
(1.7) 		5.9
(2.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.57 16.14 14.00 10.80 11.27 12.27 13.53 14.63 14.90 16.10 17.53 19.03 177.77
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 11.8 12.0 5.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.5 7.1 38.5
Average relative humidity (%) 85.9 85.0 82.1 78.1 78.4 79.3 81.3 81.3 82.2 83.9 87.6 87.9 82.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.8 67.1 133.1 213.6 281.3 277.2 274.7 249.0 176.1 109.8 48.3 31.6 1,904.5
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[18][19][20]

Demographics

Since the medieval Christianization of the region, the local population was Catholic. After the Reformation, the inhabitants of the town were predominantly Protestants and the area was subjected to Germanisation. Since the end of World War II the population is predominantly composed of Polish Roman Catholics.

Number of inhabitants in years
Year Inhabitants Notes
1782 503 no Jews.[21]
1784 497[22]
1794 526 no Jews.[21]
1812 707 incl. four Catholics and 16 Jews.[21]
1816 639 incl. two Catholics and 12 Jews.[21]
1831 806 incl. seven Catholics and two Jews.[21]
1843 948 incl. four Catholics and two Jews.[21]
1852 1,093 incl. seven Catholics and eight Jews.[21][23]
1861 1,236 incl. seven Catholics, eight Jews and one German Catholic.[21]
1900 1,966[24]
1925 2,330[25]
1939 2,846[26]
1978 3,649[26]

See also

Famous people

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Łeba is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ "Local Area Data". Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c "Historia Łeby". Leba.eu (in Polish). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  3. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. XXXVII.
  4. ^ Górski, p. 54
  5. ^ "Encyclopedia Astronautica". Archived from the original on January 4, 2004.
  6. ^ "Ostseebad Leba" (in German).
  7. ^ "Łeba Park" (in Polish).
  8. ^ Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  9. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
  10. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Łeba Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Łeba Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Łeba Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Kratz (1865), p. 254 (in German)
  22. ^ Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann (Hrsg.): Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königlich-Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Part II, vol. 2, Stettin 1784, p. 1044 (in German).
  23. ^ Topographisch-statistisches Handbuch des preußischen Staats (Kraatz, Hrsg.). Berlin 1856, p. 340 (in German).
  24. ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 277 (in German).
  25. ^ Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig 1932, p. 203 (in German).
  26. ^ a b Johannes Hinz: Pommern. Wegweiser durch ein unvergessenes Land. Flechsig-Buchvertrieb, Würzburg 2002, ISBN 3-88189-439-X, p. 211 (in German).
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