^"Distribution of Nobel Prizes by religion between 1901-2000, the data tooks from Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p.59 and p.57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion. Most 65.4% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in Peace, 72.5% in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics, 62% in Medicine, 54% in Economics and 49.5% of all Literature awards.
While separating Roman Catholic from Protestants among Christians proved difficult in some cases, available information suggests that more Protestants were involved in the scientific categories and more Catholics were involved in the Literature and Peace categories.
Atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers comprise 10.5% of total Nobel Prize winners; but in the category of Literature, these preferences rise sharply to about 35%". Shalev 2003، صفحة 57
^ ابShalev، Baruch Aba (2003). "Religion of Nobel prize winners". 100 years of Nobel prizes. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ص. 57–59. ISBN:9788126902781.
^Stein، Gordon، المحرر (1985). The Encyclopedia of unbelief (ط. Nachdr.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ج. 1. ص. 594. ISBN:978-0-87975-307-8. Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist...
^Perrin، Francis (2008). "Joliot, Frédéric". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. ج. 7. ص. 151. Raised in a completely nonreligious family, Joliot never attended any church and was a thoroughgoing atheist all his life.
^Perrin، Francis (2008). "Joliot-Curie, Irène". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. ج. 7. ص. 157. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-07-01. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-16. It was to her grandfather, a convinced freethinker, that Irène owed her atheism, later politically expressed as anticlericalism.
^"Herbert Hauptman". The Telegraph. 27 أكتوبر 2011. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-11-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race."
^Harold W. Kroto (1996). "Harold Kroto – Autobiography". Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the جائزة نوبل. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-06-07. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-24. I am a devout atheist – nothing else makes any sense to me and I must admit to being bewildered by those, who in the face of what appears so obvious, still believe in a mystical creator.
^Masood، Ehsan (22 يوليو 2006). "Islam's reformers". Prospect. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-26. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. It is a scene I won't forget in a hurry: Jean-Marie Lehn, French winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, defending his atheism at a packed public conference at the new Alexandria Library in Egypt
^"Today, I consider myself, in Thomas Huxley's terms, an agnostic. I don’t know whether there is a God or creator, or whatever we may call a higher intelligence or being. I don’t know whether there is an ultimate reason for our being or whether there is anything beyond material phenomena. I may doubt these things as a scientist, as we cannot prove them scientifically, but at the same time we also cannot falsify (disprove) them. For the same reasons, I cannot deny God with certainty, which would make me an atheist. This is a conclusion reached by many scientists." George Olah, A Life of Magic Chemistry
^Kocka، edited by Jürgen (2010). Work in a Modern Society the German Experience in European-American Perspective. New York: Berghahn Books, Inc. ص. 45. ISBN:978-1-84545-797-6. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |الأول1= باسم عام (مساعدة)
^ ابجدهوزحطPafumi، G. R. Is Our Vision of God Obsolete?: Often What We Believe Is Not What We Observe. 2010: Xlibris Corporation. ISBN:978-1-4500-0396-4.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: مكان (link)
^ ابPauling، Linus؛ Ikeda، Daisaku؛ Gage، Richard L. (1992). In quest of peace and the century of life : a dialogue between Linus Pauling and Daisaku Keda. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ص. 21–22. ISBN:978-0-86720-278-6.
^"Perutz rubbishes Popper and Kuhn". TSL EDUCATION LTD. 28 نوفمبر 1994. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-01-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-06-19. Dr Perutz, said: "It is one thing for scientists to oppose creationism which is demonstrably false but quite another to make pronouncements which offend people's religious faith -- that is a form of tactlessness which merely brings science into disrepute. My view of religion and ethics is simple: even if we do not believe in God, we should try to live as though we did."
^Hargittai، István؛ Hargittai، Magdolna (2002). Candid science II: conversations with famous biomedical scientists (ط. Verschiedene Aufl.). London: Imperial College Press. ص. 73–83. ISBN:1-86094-288-1.
^Smith، Michael (1993). "Michael Smith – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. My only prizes from the Sunday School were "for attendance", so I presume my atheism, which developed when I left home to attend university, although latent, was discernible.
^Wysong، Randy L. (1976). The creation-evolution controversy (ط. 7th print). Midlanding, Michigan: Inquiry Press. ص. 75. ISBN:978-0-918112-02-6.
^Cronin، Anthony (1999). Samuel Beckett : the last modernist (ط. 1st Da Capo Press). New York: Da Capo Press. ص. 90. ISBN:978-0-306-80898-2. They were both agnostics, though both set a high associative value on the language in which the traditional religions of their forebears had been expressed, and in conversation and writing were not averse to ironic reference to certain metaphysical concepts.
^Paulson، Arthur C. (1930). "Bjørnson and the Norwegian-Americans, 1880–81". Studies and Records. Norwegian-American Historical Association. ج. 5: 84–109. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-05. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.
^Maze، John Robert (2010). Albert Camus : plague and terror, priest and atheist. Bern: Peter Lang. ISBN:978-3-0343-0006-3.
^Collins، Joseph (Fall 2015). "Anatole France". VQR. ج. 91 ع. 4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-12-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.
^Ramesh Chopra (2005). Academic Dictionary Of Philosophy. Gyan Books. ص. 142. ISBN:9788182052246. His agnosticism is best seen in his 'Moods, Songs, and Doggerels'.
^Bazin، Nancy Topping، المحرر (1990). Conversationwith Nadine Gordimer. London: University Press of Mississippi. ص. 151. ISBN:978-0-87805-445-9.
^Gao Xingjian (2000). "Nobel Lecture – Literature 2000". Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the جائزة نوبل. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-12-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-24. … I would like to say that despite my being an atheist I have always shown reverence for the unknowable.
^Feinstein، Adam (2008). Pablo neruda. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ص. 36, 38, 97. ISBN:978-1-59691-781-1.
^Diggins، John Patrick (2007). Eugene O'Neill's America desire under democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ص. 130. ISBN:978-0-226-14882-3. O'Neill, an agnostic and an anarchist, maintained little hope in religion or politics and saw institutions not serving to preserve liberty but standing in the way of the birth of true freedom.
^Sartre، Jean-Paul (1985). Existentialism and human emotions (ط. 1st Carol Pub. Group). New York: Philosophical Library. ص. 15. ISBN:978-0-8065-0902-0.
^"Wole Soyinka". Academy of Archievement. Washington D.C. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-11-13. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-12-20.
^Wole Soyinka (2007). Climate of Fear: The Quest for Dignity in a Dehumanized World. Random House LLC. ص. 119. ISBN:978-0-307-43082-3. I already had certain agnostic tendencies—which would later develop into outright atheistic convictions— so it was not that I believed in any kind of divine protection.
^Beegel، Susan F.؛ Shillinglaw، Susan؛ Tiffney, Jr.، Wesley N. (2007). Steinbeck and the Environment Interdisciplinary Approaches. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ص. 159. ISBN:978-0-8173-5487-9.
^Benson، Jackson J. (1984). The true adventures of John Steinbeck, writer: a biography. Viking Press. ص. 248. ISBN:978-0-670-16685-5. Ricketts did not convert his friend to a religious point of view — Steinbeck remained an agnostic and, essentially, a materialist — but Ricketts's religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend, …
^Wiesel، Elie Wiesel (2010). And the sea is never full memoirs 1969- (ط. Unabridged). New York: Alfred Knopf. ص. 318. ISBN:978-0-307-76409-6.
^"Prominent Russians: Zhores Alferov". RT.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-21. In public life the scientist is a strong supporter of communism, an atheist strongly objecting to advancement of religious education in Russia, and proponent of science and knowledge as the means to see a better future.
^Helge Kragh (2004). Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology. OECD Publishing. ص. 252. ISBN:978-1-86094-469-7. Alfven dismissed in his address religion as a "myth," and passionately criticized the big-bang theory for being dogmatic and violating basic standards of science, to be no less mythical than religion.
^Anderson، Philip W. (2011). More and different notes from a thoughtful curmudgeon. Singapore: World Scientific. ص. 177. ISBN:9789814350143. We atheists can . . . argue that, with the modern revolution in attitudes toward homosexuals, we have become the only group that may not reveal itself in normal social discourse.
^Brian، Dennis (2008). The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries. Basic Books. ص. 117. ISBN:978-0-465-01139-1.
^Nye، Mary Jo (2008). "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart". في Gillispie، Charles Coulston (المحرر). Complete dictionary of scientific biography. Detroit, Mich.: Charles Scribner's Sons. ج. 19. ص. 293. ISBN:978-0-684-31559-1. The grandson of a vicar on his father's side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist.
^Peterson، Richard (2010). "The Copenhagen spirit of science and birth of the nuclear atom". في Stewart، Melville Y. (المحرر). Science and religion in dialogue. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ص. 416. ISBN:978-1-4443-1736-7. ... after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.
^Favrholdt، David (1994). "Niels Bohr and realism". في Faye، Jan؛ Folse، Henry J. (المحررون). Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ص. 88. ISBN:9789401581066. Planck was religious and had a firm belief in God; Bohr was not, but his objection to Planck's view had no anti-religious motive.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
^"Percy Williams Bridgman". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-24. He was raised in the Congregational Church, but faith in God clashed with his well-known analytical nature and he told his family as a young man that he could not in good conscience become a church member.
^Ray Monk (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. Random House LLC. ISBN:978-0-385-50413-3. In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
^Brown، Andrew (1997). The neutron and the bomb : a biography of Sir James Chadwick (ط. 1st). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ص. 362. ISBN:978-0-19-853992-6. He was a lifelong atheist and felt no need to develop religious faith as he approached the end...
^Vishveshwara، C. V. (أبريل 2000). "Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections"(PDF). Current Science. ج. 78 ع. 8: 1025–1033. مؤرشف من الأصل(PDF) في 2016-03-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-16. In his later years, Chandra had openly admitted to being an atheist which also meant that he subscribed to no religion in the customary sense of the word.
^Heisenberg، Werner (1972). Physics and beyond : encounters and conversations (ط. 1st Harper Torchbook). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN:0-06-131622-9. ... Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest — and as scientists honesty is our precise duty — we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination.[…] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another.[…]" Pauli jokingly said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is: God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet."
^Dukas، Helen؛ Hoffmann، Banesh، المحررون (1989). Albert Einstein, the human side : new glimpses from his archives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ص. 43. ISBN:978-0-691-02368-7. It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.
^Feynman، Richard P. (2011). Leighton، Ralph (المحرر). "What Do You Care What Other People Think?": Further Adventures of a Curious Character. W. W. Norton & Company. ص. 25. ISBN:978-0-393-07981-4. The elders began getting nervous, because I was an avowed atheist by that time
^"Val Fitch". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-18.
^Nachmansohn، David (1979). German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900–1933. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. ص. 62. ISBN:978-0-387-90402-3. As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
^Brigham Narins (2001). Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present: D-H. Gale Group. ص. 797. ISBN:978-0-7876-1753-0. Although Gabor's family became Lutherans in 1918, religion appeared to play a minor role in his life. He maintained his church affiliation through his adult years but characterized himself as a "benevolent agnostic".
^"The family adopted the Lutheran faith in 1918, and although Gabor nominally remained true to it, religion appears to have had little influence in his life. He later acknowledged the role played by an antireligious humanist education in the development of his ideas and stated his position as being that of a “benevolent agnostic.”" "Gabor, Dennis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (30 January 2012). نسخة محفوظة 11 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^Vitaly Ginzburg (2003). "Vitaly L. Ginzburg – Autobiography". Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the جائزة نوبل. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-03-21. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-03-24. I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature. Within the limits of my, undoubtedly insufficient knowledge of the history of philosophy, I do not see in fact any difference between atheism and the pantheism of Spinoza.
^Sample، Ian (17 نوفمبر 2007). "The god of small things". London: The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-06-20. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-03-21. The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious."
^"Gerardus `t Hooft – Science Video Interview". 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-25. When asked by the interviewer about his view of the universe and the design or non-design of the universe, Hooft replied, "Well absolutely amazing fact that it seems that the entire universe is now in grasp of theoretical physics. It still highly premature to make theories that includes how the big bang originated as and things like that. Although, people are tying that every day. ...As far as I'm concerned, everything seems to behave completely rationally. The laws of physics is all we need to understand how the universe got into being. And then eventually we end up with this religious question as to why is the universe is the way it is and how can it be it is a place for humans to live in, that is a miracle. I don't have really any answers here, but as a physicist I've learn to appreciate the fact that everything seems to have totally rational explanations and as far as I'm concerned, I expect the entire universe now also to be something you can explain in completely rational terms. That what I expect now, just because of past experience."
^"Gerardus `t Hooft – Science Video Interview". 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-17. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-04-25. When asked by the interviewer about his belief in an afterlife, Hooft replied, "Well, such beliefs I think I related to religions of the past and I don't think that notions such as 'afterlife' has any...scientific basis. Not in terms of modern science. So I can only say no."
^Kroemer، Herbert. "Herbert Kroemer – Science Video Interview". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-12-17. Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."
^Schaefer، Henry F. (2008). Science and Christianity : conflict or coherence?. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia. ص. 9. ISBN:0-9742975-0-X. I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.
^Dan Falk (2005). "What About God?". Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything. Arcade Publishing. ص. 195. ISBN:978-1-55970-733-6. "Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman
^Babu Gogineni (10 يوليو 2012). "It's the Atheist Particle, actually". Postnoon News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2012-07-14. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-07-10. Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!
^Barrow، John D. (2000). The book of nothing : vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe (ط. 1st Vintage Books). New York: Vintage Books. ص. 136. ISBN:978-0-375-72609-5.
^Moore، Walter (1994). A life of Erwin Schrödinger. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ص. 86. ISBN:978-0-521-46934-0. Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God" …{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: التاريخ والسنة (link)
^Diem-Lane، Andrea (2008). Spooky Physics: Einstein vs. Bohr. MSAC Philosophy Group. ص. 68. ISBN:978-1-56543-080-8. In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god.
^Istva ́n Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. Imperial College Press. ص. 749. ISBN:978-1-86094-885-5. Jack Steinberger: "I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion."
^Ginzburg, V. L. (2005). About Science, Myself and Others. CRC Press. ص. 253. ISBN:978-0-7503-0992-9. Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.
^Azpurua، Ana Elena (24 مارس 2008). "In Search of the God Particle". Newsweek. ص. 3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2009-04-27. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-03-25. I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that.
^Jesse Hong Xiong (2009). "Seven". The Outline of Parapsychology. Rowman & Littlefield. ص. 322. ISBN:978-0-7618-4945-2. When a reporter asked him: "Do you believe there is a Creator who creates all in the universe?" Professor Chen Ning Yang (1922- ), a Chinese Nobel Prize winner in physics in 1957, answered: "I think it is hard for me to directly say 'yes' or 'no'. I can only say that when we more and more understand the wonderful structures in the nature, no matter whether we directly or indirectly ask the question, there does exist the question you ask: is there someone or God who takes charge of all? I think it is a question that will never be finally answered. (The reporter asked: 'Is it because what man knows is too limited?') On one hand, yes; on the other hand, we can have a feeling that the universe will not be created so wonderful without an ultimate goal." Professor Yang held agnosticism here.
^Craver، Carl F (2008). "Axelrod, Julius". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. ج. 19. ص. 122. Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents' religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism.
^Robert W. Baloh. "Robert Bárány and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction". Neurology.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-14. Although anti-Semitism was again on the rise in Austria, it is unlikely that anti-Semitism was a factor in the hostility toward Bárány because he was an agnostic who did not believe in Zionism.
^Crick، Francis (3–5 فبراير 1990). "How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism". Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee International Conference Souvenir. Vijayawada, India: Positive Atheism. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-05-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15.
^Highfield، Roger (20 مارس 2003). "Do our genes reveal the hand of God?". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-01-06. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited."
^"Max Delbrück". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-05-14.
^Walter Shropshire (2007). Max Delbrück and the New Perception of Biology, 1906–1981: A Centenary Celebration, University of Salamanca, October 9–10, 2006. AuthorHouse. ص. 155. ISBN:978-1-4343-1435-2. As far as I know, he never identified himself as a member of any formal church or religious faith, but neither did he reject religion. He had a deeply felt respect for all faiths, believing that regardless of the details, they all fill basically the same human aspirations.
^Trevor Illtyd Williams (1984). Howard Florey, Penicillin and After. Oxford University Press. ص. 363. ISBN:978-0-19-858173-4. As an agnostic, the chapel services meant nothing to Florey but, unlike some contemporary scientists, he was not aggressive in his disbelief.
^Paolo Mazzarello؛ Henry A. Buchtel؛ Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. ص. 34. ISBN:978-0-19-852444-1. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.
^"Obituary: Andrew Huxley". The Economist. 16 يونيو 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-08-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-05-14. He did not even mind the master's duty of officiating in chapel, since he was, he explained, not atheist but agnostic (a word usefully invented by his grandfather), and was "very conscious that there is no scientific explanation for the fact that we are conscious."
^Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 20–57. Quotes from pp 42 and 53.
^Lubbock، Richard. "Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots". Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-03-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod.
^Horowitz، Norman H. (أغسطس 1998). "T. H. Morgan at Caltech: A Reminiscence". Genetics. ج. 149 ع. 4: 1629–1632. PMC:1460264. PMID:9691024. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2018-06-12. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. Morgan's passion for experimentation was symptomatic of his general scepticism and his distaste for speculation. He believed only what could be proven. He was said to be an atheist, and I have always believed that he was. Everything I knew about him—his scepticism, his honesty—was consistent with disbelief in the supernatural.
^Pontecorvo، G. (نوفمبر 1968). "Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Quote from p. 353. ج. 14: 348–389. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.1968.0015. JSTOR:769450. Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism.
^Tauber، Alfred I.؛ Chernyak، Leon (1991). Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology : From Metaphor to Theory: From Metaphor to Theory. Oxford University Press. ص. 5. ISBN:978-0-19-534510-0. ... his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home. Metchnikoff's atheism smacked of religious fervor in the embrace of rationalism and science.
^Costantino Ceoldo (31 ديسمبر 2012). "Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2015-10-18. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-07-20. Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.
^Nurse، Paul (2001). "Sir Paul Nurse – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-06-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2015-10-15. I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic.
^Windholz، George (سبتمبر 1986). "Pavlov's Religious Orientation". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. ج. 25 ع. 3: 320. DOI:10.2307/1386296. JSTOR:1386296. Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."
