Teenpous Clemens III

Teenpous Clemens III

Geboortenaam Wibert (of Guibert) van Ravenna
Geboorteplek Parma
Geboortedatum tussen 1020 en 1030
Sterfdatum 8 September 1100
Sterfplek Civita Castellana
Teenpous van 1. Pous Gregorius VII
2. Pous Victor III
3. Pous Urbanus II
4. Pous Paschalis II
Begin van pontifikaat 25 Junie 1080
Einde van pontifikaat 8 September 1100

Teenpous Clemens III[1][2] gebore Wibert van Ravenna of Guibert van Ravenna tussen 1020 en 1030 in Parma was in die jare 1080 tot 1100 'n teenpous teenoor die pouse Gregorius VII, Victor III, Urbanus II en Paschalis II. Clemens was 'n belangrike pous in die Investituurstryd tussen die Duitse keisers en die pousdom.

Biografie

Deur die bemiddeling van keiserin Agnes, volg Wibert vir Gunther van Bamberg op as keiserlike kanselier in Italië. Koning Hendrik IV bevorder hom tot aartsbiskop van Ravenna in 1072. Hy word biskop gewei deur Pous Alexander II in 1073. Wibert het hom verset teen die politiek van Pous Gregorius VII en word in 1076 uit van sy amp onthef. In die stryd tussen pous Gregorius en koning Hendrik IV kies hy kant vir die koning en word in 1078 verban en geëkskommunikeer.

Die sinode van Brixen kies hom op 25 Junie 1080 as pous. Die koning trek op na Italië maar kon eers na omtrent twee jaar Rome verower. Wibert is op 24 Maart 1084 in die Lateraanse basiliek gekroon en het toe op sy beurt Hendrik as keiser gekroon op 31 Maart 1084.

In Mei 1084 kom die Viking-koning Robert Guisard pous Gregorius te hulp. Clemens vlug na Tivoli. Die Vikings plunder Rome en Gregorius kon nie juis sy pousskap opneem nie. Clemens keer terug na Rome.[3] Tydens die sinode van Mainz in April 1085 erken die Duitse biskoppe vir Clemens as die regmatige pous. Clemens herroep in 1089 die ekskommunikasie van Hendrik IV [4] In 1096 word die Vikings uit Rome verdryf en Gregorius neem weer oor.

Clemens III bly aanspraak maak op die pousskap tot aan sy dood op 8 September 1100. Na sy dood kies sy aanhangers Theodoricus om hom op te volg.

Die kollege van kardinale

Tydens sy bewind het Clemens 29 nuwe kardinale (of pseudo-kardinale) aangestel.[5] Omdat Clemens 'n teenpous was word die kardinale nie deur die Rooms Katolieke Kerk as sulks erken nie en word hulle pseudo-kardinale genoem.

Kardinaal-biskop

  • Pietro (biskop van Porto).
  • Giovanni (biskop van Porto).
  • Giovanni (biskop van Ostia).
  • Alberto (biskop van Nepi).
  • Tiderico (biskop van Albano).
  • Alberto (biskop van Silva Candida) (later Teenpous Albertus).

Kardinaal-priester

  • Pietro (titelkerk onbekend).
  • Anastase, (titelkerk: S. Anastasia.).
  • Guerino (titelkerk: SS. XII Apostoli).
  • Guido (titelkerk: S. Balbina).
  • Ottaviano (titelkerk: S. Susanna).
  • Roberto, biskop van Faenza (titelkerk: S. Marco).
  • Roberto (titelkerk onbekend).
  • Adalmaro (titelkerk onbekend).
  • Cenzio (titelkerk: S. Crisogono).
  • Deodato (titelkerk: S. Prassede).
  • Giovanni (titelkerk: S. Prisca).
  • Nicola, O.S.B. (titelkerk: S. Sabina).
  • Romano (titelkerk: S. Ciriaco).
  • Romano (titelkerk: S. Marco).
  • Teuzo (titelkerk onbekend).
  • Pietro (titelkerk onbekend).

Kardinaal-diaken

  • Secondo (diakonaat onbekend).
  • Paolo (diakonaat onbekend).
  • Maginulfo (diakonaat onbekend). (Later Teenpous Silvester IV).
  • Ugo (diaken van die Heilige Paleis).
  • Teodorico (diaken van S. Maria in Via Lata). (Later Teenpous Theodoricus)
  • Guido (diakonaat onbekend).
  • Pagano (diaken van S. Maria in Via Lata) .

Verwysings

  1. Clement (III). (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. Kirsch, J.P. (1910). Guibert of Ravenna. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved May 26, 2014 from New Advent[1]
  3. Althoff, Gerd,(2006} “Heinrich IV’’ p. 194, ISBN 3-534-11273-3
  4. ‘’Decretum Wiberti vel Clementis papae’’ In Monumenta Germaniae Historica
  5. Miranda, S., The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church [2]


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