Kanaaltonnel

Die tonnel by Coquelles

Die Kanaaltonnel[1][2] is 'n 50.46 km onderseese spoorweg tonnel wat in 1994 in gebruik geneem is en Folkestone in Kent, Engeland met Coquelles by Pas-de-Calais, Frankryk verbind. Die tonnel gaan onderdeur die Engelse Kanaal by die Straat van Dover. Dit is die enigste vaste verbinding tussen die eiland van Groot-Brittanje en die Europese vasteland. Op sy laagste punt is die tonnel 75 m onder die seevloer en 115 m onder seevlak.[3][4][5]Die onderwater gedeelte van 37.9 km is die langste onderwater seksie van enige tonnel in die wêreld en is ook die derde langste spoorwegtonnel in die wêreld. Daar is 'n spoedbeperking van 160 km vir treine wat deur die tonnel ry.[6] Die tonnel word bedryf besit en bedryf deur Getlink, voorheen Groupe Eurotunnel.

Hoëspoed Eurostar passasiertreine, LeShuttle treine wat voertuie dra[7] en vragtreine gebruik die tonnel.[8]Dit verbind die hoëspoed spoorweglyne van LGV Nord in Frankryk met High Speed 1 in Engeland. In 2017 het die passasiersdienste 10.3 miljoen passasiers en 1.22 miljoen ton vrag vervoer en LeShuttle het 10.4 miljoen passassiers, 2.6 miljoen motorvoertuie, 51,000 sleepwaens en 1.6 miljoen vragmotors (die ekwivalent van 21.3 miljoen ton vrag)[9] vervoer. Daarteenoor is daar per see 11.7 miljoen passasiers, 2.6 miljoen vragmotors en 2.2 miljoen motorvoertuie deur die hawe van Dover.[10]

Planne om 'n tonnel onderdeur die seestraat te bou was so vroeg as 1802 voorgestel[11][12] maar die Britse politici en media kritiek, gemotiveer deur die veiligheid van Engeland wat aan risiko blootgestel word, het die pogings lam gelê.[13] Daar was 'n onsuksesvolle poging in die laat 19de eeu, aan die Engelse kant, aangewend om die tonnel te bou met die hoop om Britse regrering te dwing om betrokke te raak.[14] Met die uiteindelike, suksesvolle projek, georganisser deur Eurotunnel, is daar met konstruksie in 1988 begin en die tonnel is in 1994 geopen. Die beraamde koste was £5.5 biljoen in 1985,[15] dit was op daardie tyd die duurste konstruksie projek wat ooit voorgestel is. Die koste was uiteindelik £9 biljoen (die ekivalent van £22.6 biljoen in 2023).[16][17]

Sedert sy opening het die tonnel verskeie meganiese probleme ondervind. Beide brande en koue weer het tydelik die bedryf daarvan ontwrig.[18][19]Sedert ten minste 1997, het groepe migrante wat by Calais versamel het en toegang na die Verenigde Koninkryk gesoek het, noodmaatreëls en afskrikstappe genoodsaak.[20][21][22]

Verwysings

  1. ↑ "On This Day – 1994: President and Queen open Chunnel". BBC News. 6 Mei 1994. Besoek op 12 Januarie 2008.
  2. ↑ Baraniuk, Chris (23 Augustus 2017). "The Channel Tunnel that was never built". BBC. Besoek op 21 Julie 2022.
  3. ↑ "Folkestone Eurotunnel Trains". Transworld Leisure Limited. Besoek op 11 Februarie 2017.
  4. ↑ Institute of Civil Engineers p. 95Sjabloon:Inconsistent
  5. ↑ Wise, Jeff (1 Oktober 2009). "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 17 Mei 2014.
  6. ↑ Dumitrache, Alina (24 Maart 2010). "The Channel Tunnel – Traveling Under the Sea". AutoEvolution. Besoek op 2 Augustus 2014.
  7. ↑ Anderson, pp. xvi–xvii
  8. ↑ Chisholm, Michael (1995). Britain on the edge of Europe. London: Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 0-415-11921-9.
  9. ↑ "Traffic figures". GetLink Group. Besoek op 11 Julie 2018.
  10. ↑ "About/Performance". Port of Dover. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 April 2022. Besoek op 11 Julie 2018.
  11. ↑ Whiteside p. 17
  12. ↑ "The Channel Tunnel". library.thinkquest.org. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Desember 2007. Besoek op 19 Julie 2009.
  13. ↑ Wilson pp. 14–21
  14. ↑ Paddy at Home ("Chez Paddy") (2nd uitg.). Chapman & Hall Covent Garden, London. 1887.
  15. ↑ Veditz, Leslie Allen. "The Channel Tunnel – A Case Study" (PDF). Fort McNair, Washington, D.C., U.S.: The Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University. p. 8. Geargiveer (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 Desember 2016. Besoek op 9 Desember 2016.
  16. ↑ "How the Channel Tunnel was Built". Folkestone, England / Coquelles Cedex France: Eurotunnel Group. Besoek op 9 Desember 2016. It was at the time the most expensive construction project ever proposed and the final cost was £9 billion.
  17. ↑ Flyvbjerg et al. p. 12
  18. ↑ "Channel tunnel fire worst in service's history". The Guardian. 12 September 2008. Besoek op 21 Februarie 2014.
  19. ↑ "Thousands freed from Channel Tunnel after trains fail". BBC News. 19 Desember 2009. Besoek op 21 Februarie 2014.
  20. ↑ "Four men caught in Channel Tunnel". BBC News. 4 Januarie 2008. Besoek op 19 Julie 2009.
  21. ↑ "Sangatte refugee camp". The Guardian. UK. 23 Mei 2002. Besoek op 19 Julie 2009.
  22. ↑ "French Channel Tunnel train drivers 'haunted' by migrant deaths". The Daily Telegraph. 1 Oktober 2015. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Januarie 2022. Besoek op 18 Januarie 2017.

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