Chromosomale afwyking

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'n Chromosomale afwyking, chromosomale abnormaliteit, chromosomale aberrasie, chromosomale mutasie of chromosomale wanorde is 'n ontbrekende, ekstra of onreëlmatige gedeelte van chromosomale DNS.[1] Dit kom voor in die vorm van numeriese abnormaliteite, waar daar 'n ongewone aantal chromosome is, of as strukturele abnormaliteite, waar een of meer individuele chromosome verander word. Chromosoommutasie is voorheen in 'n streng sin gebruik om 'n verandering in 'n chromosomale segment te beteken, wat meer as een geen behels.[2] Chromosoomafwykings kom gewoonlik voor wanneer daar 'n fout in seldeling is na meiose of mitose. Chromosoomafwykings kan opgespoor of bevestig word deur 'n individu se kariotipe, of volledige stel chromosome, te vergelyk met 'n tipiese kariotipe vir die spesie deur middel van genetiese toetsing.

Chromosoomafwykings kan deur verskeie tegnieke opgespoor word, insluitend: amniosentese ('n amniotiese vloeistof toets), blastosistbiopsie (toetsing van die massa selle voordat embriovorming plaasgevind het) en beenmurgbiopsie (vir leukemie of limfoom).

Numeriese abnormaliteit

'n Kariotipe van 'n individu met trisomie 21 (Down-sindroom), wat drie kopieë van chromosoom 21 toon.

'n Abnormale aantal chromosome (genoem Aneuploïdie) vind plaas wanneer 'n individu óf 'n chromosoom uit 'n paar ontbreek (wat lei tot monosomie) óf meer as twee chromosome van 'n paar het (trisomie, tetrasomie, ens.). Aneuploïdie kan vol wees, met 'n hele chromosoom wat ontbreek of bygevoeg word, of gedeeltelik, waar slegs 'n deel van 'n chromosoom ontbreek of bygevoeg word. Aneuploïdie kan voorkom met geslagschromosome of outosome.[3]

'n Voorbeeld van trisomie by mense is Down-sindroom, wat 'n ontwikkelingsversteuring is wat veroorsaak word deur 'n ekstra kopie van chromosoom 21; die afwyking word dus ook trisomie 21 genoem.[4] 'n Voorbeeld van monosomie by mense is Turner-sindroom, waar die individu gebore word met slegs een geslagschromosoom, 'n X.[5]

Blootstelling van mans aan sekere lewenstyl-, omgewings- en/of beroepsgevare kan die risiko van aneuploïede spermatozoa verhoog.[6] Dit sluit in tabakrook,[7] en beroepsmatige blootstelling aan benseen[8] en insekdoders.[9]

Strukturele abnormaliteite

Wanneer die chromosoom se struktuur verander word, kan dit verskeie vorme aanneem, insluitend: skrapping, dupliserings, inversies, invoegings, translokasies, wederkerige translokasies, ringe en isochromosoom (spieëlbeelde). Hierdie veranderinge lei dikwels tot 'n verhoogde neiging om sekere soorte siektes te ontwikkel.[10]

Oorerfenis

Die meeste chromosoomafwykings vind plaas as 'n ongeluk in die eiersel of spermsel, en daarom is die anomalie in elke sel van die liggaam teenwoordig. Sommige anomalieë kan egter ná bevrugting plaasvind, wat daartoe lei dat sommige selle die anomalie het en ander nie.

Die laaste paar weke van spermontwikkeling voor bevrugting is hoogs vatbaar vir die ophoping van sperm-DNS-skade. Sulke sperm-DNS-skade kan na die eier oorgedra word waar dit onderhewig is aan verwydering deur die moeder se herstelmasjinerie. Foute in moederlike DNS-herstel van sperm-DNS-skade kan egter lei tot sigote met chromosomale strukturele afwykings.

Die meeste kankers, indien nie almal nie, kan chromosoomafwykings veroorsaak, met óf die vorming van hibriede gene en samesmeltingsproteïene, deregulering van gene en ooruitdrukking van proteïene, óf verlies van tumoronderdrukkergene.[11]

Kyk ook

Verwysings

  1. "Chromosome Abnormalities Fact Sheet". Genome.gov (in Engels). 25 September 2006. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 September 2006. Besoek op 7 Julie 2022.
  2. Rieger, R.; Michaelis, A.; Green, M.M. (1968). "Mutation". A glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular (in Engels). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387076683.
  3. Gardner, R. J. M.; Sutherland, Grant R.; Shaffer, Lisa G. (2012). Chromosome abnormalities and genetic counseling (in Engels) (4de uitg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974915-7. OCLC 769344040.
  4. Patterson, David (1 Julie 2009). "Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome". Human Genetics (in Engels). 126 (1): 195–214. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8. ISSN 1432-1203.
  5. "Turner Syndrome". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (in Engels). Besoek op 7 Julie 2022.
  6. Templado C, Uroz L, Estop A (2013). "New insights on the origin and relevance of aneuploidy in human spermatozoa". Mol. Hum. Reprod. (in Engels). 19 (10): 634–43. doi:10.1093/molehr/gat039. PMID 23720770.
  7. Shi Q, Ko E, Barclay L, Hoang T, Rademaker A, Martin R (2001). "Cigarette smoking and aneuploidy in human sperm". Mol. Reprod. Dev. (in Engels). 59 (4): 417–21. doi:10.1002/mrd.1048. PMID 11468778.
  8. Xing C, Marchetti F, Li G, Weldon RH, Kurtovich E, Young S, Schmid TE, Zhang L, Rappaport S, Waidyanatha S, Wyrobek AJ, Eskenazi B (2010). "Benzene exposure near the U.S. permissible limit is associated with sperm aneuploidy". Environ. Health Perspect. (in Engels). 118 (6): 833–9. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901531. PMC 2898861. PMID 20418200.
  9. Xia Y, Cheng S, Bian Q, Xu L, Collins MD, Chang HC, Song L, Liu J, Wang S, Wang X (2005). "Genotoxic effects on spermatozoa of carbaryl-exposed workers". Toxicol. Sci. (in Engels). 85 (1): 615–23. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi066. PMID 15615886.
  10. Huret, Jean-Loup; Leonard, Claude; Savage, John RK. "Chromosome Abnormalities". Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology (in Engels). Besoek op 7 Julie 2022.
  11. Huret, Jean-Loup. "Chromosomes, Leukemias, Solid Tumors, Hereditary Cancers". Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology (in Engels). Besoek op 7 Julie 2022.

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