Christopher Isherwood

Christopher Isherwood
Christopher Isherwood in 1973
Gebore
Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood

(1904-08-26)26 Augustus 1904
Wyberslegh Hall, High Lane, Cheshire, VK
Sterf4 Januarie 1986 (op 81)
Santa Monica, Kalifornië, Verenigde State
BurgerskapBrits (tot 1946)
Amerikaans (vanaf 1946)
Alma materCorpus Christi College, Cambridge
King's College Londen
BeroepRomansier
LewensmaatHeinz Neddermeyer (1932–1937)
Don Bachardy (1953–1986)
Handtekening

Christopher Isherwood (ook bekend as Christopher William Bradshaw-Isherwood; gebore op 26 Augustus 1904, High Lane, Cheshire, Engeland, sterf op 4 Januarie 1986 Santa Monica, Kalifornië, VSA was 'n Anglo-Amerikaanse romansier wat veral bekend is vir sy romans oor die Berlyn van die vroeë 1930's.

'n Gedenkplaat is teen die muur van die woonhuis in Berlyn-Schöneberg se Nollendorfstraße 17 aangebring waar Christopher Isherwood tot vroeg in 1933 gewoon het

Nadat hy as ‘n private tutor gewerk het, het Isherwood 'n mate van erkenning verkry met sy eerste twee romans, All the Conspirators (1928) en The Memorial (1932). Gedurende die 1930's het hy saam met sy vriend W.H. Auden op drie dramas gewerk, waaronder The Ascent of F6 (1936). Maar dit was eers in 1929 dat hy die tema ontdek het wat hom algemeen bekend sou maak. Isherwood het tussen 1929 en 1933 in die Berlynse stadsdeel Schöneberg gewoon, wat destyds die sosiale middelpunt van die Duitse hoofstad se gay- en lesbiese toneel was, en sodoende die objektiewe oogpunt van 'n buitestaander verkry betreffende die verval van die Republiek van Weimar as eerste moderne Duitse demokrasie, en die opkoms van die NSDAP van Hitler.

Sy romans, Mr. Norris Changes Trains (1935; The Last of Mr. Norris) en Goodbye to Berlin (1939), wat later saam gepubliseer is as Berlin Stories, het sy reputasie as 'n belangrike skrywer gevestig en as inspirasie gedien vir die toneelstuk I Am a Camera, (1951; rolprent, 1955) sowel as die musiekblyspel Cabaret (1966; rolprent, 1972). Hierdie boeke is afgesonderde maar humoristiese studies van twyfelagtige karakters wat losbandige lewens lei as inkommers in die Duitse hoofstad. In 1938 het Isherwood Lions and Shadows gepubliseer, 'n amusante en sensitiewe relaas van sy vroeë lewe en vriendskappe terwyl hy 'n student was aan die Universiteit van Cambridge.

Die koms van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het nie slegs 'n verandering meegebring in Isherwood se skryfwerk nie, maar ook 'n permanente verandering van woonplek. Hy het in 1939 na die VSA geïmmigreer en hom in Suid-Kalifornië gevestig waar hy onderrig gegee het en draaiboeke vir Hollywood-rolprente geskryf het. In 1946 het hy Amerikaanse burgerskap aanvaar. Dit was ook in 1939 dat Isherwood hom na pasifisme en die selfontkenning van die Indiese Vedanta gewend het en 'n volgeling van Swami Prabhavananda geword het. In die daaropvolgende dekades sou Isherwood verskeie werke oor Vedanta en vertalings saam met Prabhavananda maak, insluitende ‘n vertaling van die Bhagavadgita.

Isherwood se na-oorlogse romans het voortgegaan om sy persoonlike styl van fiksionele-outobiografieë te demonstreer. Sy A Single Man uit 1964 (wat in 2009 vir film verwerk is onder 'n gelyknamige titel), 'n kort maar hoogaangeskrewe roman, handel oor 'n enkele dag in die lewe van 'n eensame middeljarige homoseksuele man. Sy erkende outobiografiese werke sluit self-verklaarde memoirs van sy ouers, Kathleen and Frank (1971), 'n retrospektiewe biografie van homself in die 1930's, Christopher and His Kind (1977), en 'n studie van sy verhouding met Prabhavananda en Vedanta, My Guru and His Disciple (1980) in. Diaries: Volume One: 1939–1960 (1996) en The Sixties: Diaries: 1960–1969 (2010) is postuum gepubliseer.

Isherwood het vanaf 1953 saam met sy minnaar Don Bachardy ('n skilder) gewoon.[1]

Werke

  • All the Conspirators (1928; nuwe 1957 uitgawe met nuwe voorwoord)
  • The Memorial (1932)
  • Mr Norris Changes Trains (1935; V.S.A. uitgawe, The Last of Mr Norris)
  • The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935, met W. H. Auden)
  • The Ascent of F6 (1937, met W. H. Auden)
  • Sally Bowles (1937; later ingesluit in Goodbye to Berlin)
  • On the Frontier (1938, met W. H. Auden)
  • Lions and Shadows (1938, outobiografiese fiksie)
  • Goodbye to Berlin (1939)
  • Journey to a War (1939, met W. H. Auden)
  • Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God (1944, met Prabhavananda)
  • Vedanta for Modern Man (1945)
  • Prater Violet (1945)
  • The Berlin Stories (1945; bevat Mr Norris Changes Trains en Goodbye to Berlin; heruitgereik as The Berlin of Sally Bowles, 1975)
  • Vedanta for the Western World (Unwin Books, Londen, 1949, red. en bydraer)
  • The Condor and the Cows (1949, Suid-Amerikaanse reisjoernaal)
  • What Vedanta Means to Me (1951, pamflet)
  • The World in the Evening (1954)
  • Down There on a Visit (1962)
  • An Approach to Vedanta (1963)
  • A Single Man (1964)
  • Ramakrishna and His Disciples (1965)
  • Exhumations (1966; joernalisme en stories)
  • A Meeting by the River (1967)
  • Essentials of Vedanta (1969)
  • Kathleen and Frank (1971, oor Isherwood se ouers)
  • Frankenstein: The True Story (1973, met Don Bachardy; gebaseer op hul 1973 draaiboek)
  • Christopher and His Kind (1976, outobiografie), gepubliseer deur Sylvester & Orphanos
  • My Guru and His Disciple (1980)
  • October (1980, met Don Bachardy)
  • The Mortmere Stories (met Edward Upward) (1994)
  • Where Joy Resides: An Isherwood Reader (1989; Don Bachardy en James P. White, reds.)
  • Diaries: 1939–1960, Katherine Bucknell, red. (1996)
  • Jacob's Hands: A Fable (1997) oorspronklik saamgeskryf met Aldous Huxley
  • Lost Years: A Memoir 1945–1951, Katherine Bucknell, red. (2000)
  • Lions and Shadows (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000)
  • Kathleen and Christopher, Lisa Colletta, red. (Briewe aan sy moeder, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005)
  • Isherwood on Writing (University of Minnesota Press, 2007)
  • The Sixties: Diaries:1960–1969 Katherine Bucknell, red. 2010
  • Liberation: Diaries:1970–1983 Katherine Bucknell, red. 2012
  • The Animals: Love Letters Between Christopher Isherwood and Don Bachardy, geredigeer deur Katherine Bucknell (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014)

Vertalings

  • Charles Baudelaire, Intimate Journals (1930; gewysigde uitgawe 1947)
  • The Song of God: Bhagavad-Gita (met Swami Prabhavananda, 1944)
  • Shankara's Crest-Jewel of Discrimination (met Swami Prabhavananda, 1947)
  • How to Know God: The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali (met Swami Prabhavananda, 1953)

Werk op Vedanta and the West

Vedanta and the West was die amptelike publikasie van die Vedanta Society of Southern California. Dit sluit essays deur verskeie van die voorste intellektuele van die tyd in en sluit bydraes deur Aldous Huxley, Gerald Heard, Alan Watts, J. Krishnamurti, W. Somerset Maugham, en baie ander in.

Isherwood het die volgende artikels geskryf wat in Vedanta and the West verskyn het:

  • Vivekananda and Sarah Bernhardt – 1943
  • On Translating the Gita – 1944
  • Hypothesis and Belief – 1944
  • The Gita and War – 1944
  • What is Vedanta? – 1944
  • Ramakrishna and Vivekananda – 1945
  • The Problem of the Religious Novel – 1946
  • Religion Without Prayers – 1946
  • Foreword to a Man of Boys – 1950
  • An Introduction – 1951
  • What Vedanta Means to Me – 1951
  • Who Is Ramakrishna? – 1957
  • Ramakrishna and the Future – 1958
  • The Home of Ramakrishna – 1958
  • Ramakrishna: A First Chapter – 1959
  • The Birth of Ramakrishna – 1959
  • The Boyhood of Ramakrishna – 1959
  • How Ramakrishna Came to Dakshineswar – 1959
  • Early Days at Dakshineswar – 1959
  • The Vision of Kali – 1960

  • The Marriage of Ramakrishna – 1960
  • The Coming of the Bhariravi – 1960
  • Some Visitors to Dakshineswar – 1960
  • Tota Puri – 1960
  • The Writer and Vedanta – 1961
  • Mathur – 1961
  • Sarada and Chandra – 1962
  • Keshab Sen – 1962
  • The Coming of the Disciples – 1962
  • Introduction to Vivekananda – 1962
  • Naren – 1963
  • The Training of Naren – 1963
  • An Approach to Vedanta – 1963
  • The Young Monks – 1963
  • Some Great Devotees – 1963
  • The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna – 1963
  • The Last Year – 1964
  • The Story Continues – 1964
  • Letters of Swami Vivekananda – 1968
  • Essentials of Vedanta – 1969

In 1948 is verskeie artikels uit Vedanta and the West in boekvorm uitgegee as Vedanta for the Western World. Isherwood het die tekste gekeur en 'n inleiding en drie artikels bygedra (Hypothesis and Belief, Vivekananda and Sarah Bernhardt, The Gita and War). Ander bydraers was onder meer Aldous Huxley, Gerald Heard, Swami Prabhavananda en Swami Vivekananda.

Verwysings

  1. "Isherwood, Christopher." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012.

Eksterne skakels

Verblyf in Berlyn


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