Achaemenidiese Ryk

𐎧𐏁𐏂
Xšassa

Achaemenidiese Ryk




550–330 v.C.

Vlag Wapenskild
Vlag Wapen
Ligging of Persië
Ligging of Persië
Die Achaemenidiese Ryk op sy grootste onder Darius I van Persië (522–486 v.C.)
Hoofstad Babilon[1] (hoof-hoofstad), Pasargadae, Ecbatana, Soesa, Persepolis
32°32′N 44°25′O / 32.533°N 44.417°O / 32.533; 44.417
Taal/Tale Oud-Persies (ampstaal),[2] Oud-Aramees, Akkadies,[3] Medies, Antieke Grieks,[4] Elamities,[5] Sumeries, Egipties, baie ander
Godsdiens Zoroastrisme, Babiloniese godsdiens[6]
Regering Monargie
Koning (xšāyaϑiya) of Koning van konings (xšāyaϑiya xšāyaϑiyānām)
 - 559–529 v.C. Kores die Grote (eerste)
 - 336–330 v.C. Darius III (laaste)
Historiese tydperk Klassieke oudheid
 - Persiese rewolusie 550 v.C.
 - Verowering van Lidië 550 v.C.
 - Verowering van Babilon 539 v.C.
 - Verowering van Egipte 525 v.C.
 - Grieks-Persiese oorloë 499–449 v.C.
 - Korinthiese oorlog 395–387 v.C.
 - Verowering deur Alexander die Grote 330 v.C.
Oppervlakte
 - 500 v.C.[7][8][9][10] 5 500 000 km2
2 123 562 sq mi
 - 480 v.C.[11][9][10] 8 000 000 km2
3 088 817 sq mi
Bevolking
 - 500 v.C.[7][8][9][10] skatting 17 000 000 
     Digtheid 3,1 /km² 
8 /sq mi
 - 480 v.C.[11][9][10] skatting 35 000 000 
     Digtheid 4,4 /km² 
11,3 /sq mi
Geldeenheid Daric, siglos

Die Achaemenidiese Ryk (Oud-Persies: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšassa, letterlik: "Die Ryk"[12]), ook bekend as die Eerste Persiese Ryk,[13] was 'n ryk in Wes-Asië wat deur Kores die Grote gestig is.

Geanimeerde kaart van die Achaemenidiese Ryk se uitbreiding
Uitbreiding van die Achaemenidiese Ryk

Dit was op sy grootste onder Xerxes I, wat die grootste deel van Noord- en Sentraal-Griekeland verower het, insluitende die stad Athene, in 480 v.C. Dit het van die Balkanskiereiland en Oos-Europa in die weste tot die Indusvallei in die ooste gestrek. Dit was groter as enige vorige ryk in die geskiedenis, en het 5,5 miljoen km² beslaan.[7][8]

Die ryk het in die 7de eeu v.C. ontstaan toe die Perse hulle in die suidwestelike deel van die Irannese Plato, in die omgewing van Persis, gevestig het.[14] Van hier af het Kores die Mediese Ryk, waarvan hy vroeër koning was, sowel as Lidië en die Nieu-Babiloniese Ryk verower. Daarna het hy die Achaemenidiese Ryk gestig.

Dit het mense van verskeie afkomste en godsdienste gehuisves en is bekend vir sy suksesvolle model van 'n gesentraliseerde, burokratiese bestuur (deur satrape onder die koning van konings), vir die oprigting van infrastruktuur soos die pad- en posstelsel, die gebruik van 'n amptelike taal in al sy gebiede, en die ontwikkeling van siviele dienste en 'n groot professionele weermag. Die Achaemenidiese Ryk se sukses het die ontwikkeling van soortgelyke stelsels in latere ryke geïnspireer.[15]

Alexander die Grote, 'n ywerige bewonderaar van Kores,[16] het die grootste deel van die ryk teen 330 v.C. verower.[17] Ná Alexander se dood het die grootste deel van die ryk se vroeëre grondgebied onder die gesag van die Ptolemeïese en Seleukidiese Ryk geval, benewens kleiner gebiede wat teen dié tyd hul onafhanklikheid verkry het. Die Irannese elite van die sentrale hoogland het in die 2de eeu v.C. die mag herwin en die Partiese Ryk gestig.[14]

Die Achaemenidiese Ryk is in die Westelike geskiedenis bekend as mededinger van die Griekse stadstate tydens die Grieks-Persiese Oorloë en vir die bevryding van die Joodse gevangenes in Babilon. Die historiese invloedsfeer van die ryk het ver buite sy territoriale en militêre gebiede gestrek en ook kulturele, sosiale, tegnologiese en godsdienstige invloede ingesluit. Benewens die voortdurende konflik tussen die twee state het baie Atheners Achaemenidiese gebruike in 'n wedersydse kulturele uitruiling in hul daaglikse lewe oorgeneem,[18] sommige was in diens van of verbonde aan die Persiese konings.

Die invloed van Kores se edik word in Joods-Christelike tekste genoem en die ryk was deel van die Zoroastrisme se verspreidingsgebied tot in China. Die ryk het ook die toon aangegee vir die politiek, erfenis en geskiedenis van Iran (ook bekend as Persië).[19]

Verwysings

  1. (en) Yarshater, Ehsan (1993). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9.
  2. (en) Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, (I.B. Tauris Ltd, 2007), 119.
  3. (fr) Harald Kittel; Armin Paul Frank; Juliane House; Norbert Greiner; Brigitte Schultze; Werner Koller (2007). Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1194–95. ISBN 978-3-11-017145-7.
  4. (en) Greek and Iranian, E. Tucker, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. Anastasios-Phoivos Christidēs, Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 780.
  5. (en) Windfuhr, Gernot. "Iran vii. Non-Iranian Languages (1) Overview – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopedia Iranica. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 April 2020. Besoek op 8 Februarie 2017.
  6. (en) Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Peeters Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-90-429-1449-0.
  7. 7,0 7,1 (en) Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (Desember 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Besoek op 12 September 2016.
  8. 8,0 8,1 (en) Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  9. 9,0 9,1 (en) Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-975834-0.
  10. 10,0 10,1 (en) Morris, Ian, 1960-, Scheidel, Walter, 1966- (2009). The dynamics of ancient empires : state power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970761-4.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)
  11. (en) Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2012). Strategic vision : America and the crisis of globalpower (PDF). New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02955-6. OCLC 787847809.
  12. (en) A. Shapour Shahbazi (2012). Daryaee, Touraj (red.). The Oxford handbook of Iranian history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 131. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199732159.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.
  13. (en) Sampson, Gareth C. (2008). The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae and the Invasion of the East. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-84415-676-4.
  14. 14,0 14,1 (en) Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa (2005). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Infobase Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1.
  15. (en) Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)
  16. (en) Ulrich Wilcken (1967). Alexander the Great. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-393-00381-9.
  17. (en) Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 123. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  18. (en) Margaret Christina Miller (2004). Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-521-60758-2.
  19. (en) Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis; Sarah Stewart (2005). Birth of the Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84511-062-8.

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