Sosiologi perkotaan

Sosiologi perkotaan adalah salah satu cabang sosiologi yang mempelajari tentang gejala sosial akibat adanya interaksi sosial di dalam kawasan perkotaan. Objek kajian utama dalam sosiologi perkotaan adalah interaksi yang terjadi pada masyarakat perkotaan sebagai hasil dari pengaruh lingkungan kota.[1] Kajian tentang sosiologi perkotaan mulai dilakukan oleh Chicago School dalam buku pedoman tentang ekologi manusia. Chicago School kemudian menerbitkan buku pedoman tentang sosiologi urban pada tahun 1950.[2] Ruang lingkup kajian sosiologi perkotaan meliputi keterangan umum tentang perkotaan, urbanisasi, pembagian kawasan perkotaan, masyarakat perkotaan, permasalahan urban, dan struktur sosial.[3]

Ruang lingkup

Masyarakat perkotaan

Masyarakat perkotaan merupakan masyarakat yang cenderung memiliki sifat individual dan heterogen dengan kehidupan yang modern yang dilengkapi dengan berbagai arsitektur dan industri yang canggih. Dalam masyarakat kota terdapat banyak kelompok sosial yang dibedakan berdasarkan profesi.[2]

Masyarakat perkotaan memiliki tingkat keberagaman sosial yang tinggi dengan tingkat asoasi yang dipengaruhi oleh jumlah penduduk yang banyak. Kontrol sosial di dalam masyarakat perkotaan menggunakan pengawasan yang tidak terlalu ketat sehingga toleransi sosial sangat tinggi. Masyarakat perkotaan lebih mengutamakan prestasi sehingga mobilitas sosial relatif tinggi. Asosiasi di dalam masyarakat perkotaan bersifat sukarela dan cenderung menganut individualisme karena adanya kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan secara individu. Selain itu, masyarakat perkotaan cenderung memisahkan diri secara fisik berdasarkan perbedaan kelompok sosial.[4]

Kota

Kota merupakan kawasan pemukiman dengan jumlah penduduk yang relatif besar dan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi. Selain itu, pemukiman yang ada bersifat tetap dan dihuni oleh masyarakat heterogen.[5] Pembentukan kota merupakan hasil dari perkembangan desa dalam perluasan pemukiman dan peningkatan jumlah penduduk.[6] Kota berfungsi sebagai pusat pemukiman dan aktivitas manusia sehingga keberadaannya menjadi sangat penting bagi wilayah di sekitarnya dalam kegiatan perdagangan, pemerintahan, industri dan kebudayaan.[7] Pemilihan kota sebagai tempat pemukiman dipengaruhi oleh adanya pekerjaan di bidang jasa, transportasi dan manufaktur. Kota juga memiliki kekurangan yaitu biaya hidup yang tinggi dan tingkat kriminalitas yang tinggi.[8]

Referensi

  1. ^ Pandaleke 2015, hlm. 4.
  2. ^ a b Pandaleke 2015, hlm. 5.
  3. ^ Pandaleke 2015, hlm. 5-6.
  4. ^ Jamaludin, A. N. (2015). Sosiologi Perdesaan (PDF). Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia. hlm. 22–23. ISBN 978-979-076-550-4. 
  5. ^ Jamaluddin 2017, hlm. 35.
  6. ^ Jamaluddin 2017, hlm. 41-42.
  7. ^ Jamaluddin 2017, hlm. 52-53.
  8. ^ Murdiyanto, E. (2008). Sosiologi Perdesaan (PDF). Yogyakarta: Wimaya Press. hlm. 204. ISBN 978-979-8918-88-9. 

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