Panti paduan suara, [1] adalah area gereja atau katedral yang menyediakan tempat duduk bagi rohaniawan dan paduan suara gereja . Letaknya di bagian barat mimbar imam, antara panti umat dan panti imam, yang menampung altar dan tabernakel Gereja . Di gereja-gereja abad pertengahan yang lebih besar, terdapat loka paduan suara, tempat duduk sejajar dengan sisi gereja, sehingga tegak lurus dengan tempat duduk jemaat di bagian tengah. Gereja-gereja abad pertengahan yang lebih kecil mungkin tidak memiliki panti paduan suara sama sekali dalam arti arsitektural, dan seringkali tidak ada gereja-gereja yang dibangun oleh semua denominasi setelah Reformasi Protestan, meskipun Kebangkitan Gotik menghidupkannya kembali sebagai ciri khasnya.
Sebagai istilah arsitektural, "panti paduan suara" tetap berbeda dari lokasi sebenarnya dari paduan suara mana pun – panti paduan suara ini mungkin berlokasi di berbagai tempat, dan sering kali dinyanyikan dari loteng paduan suara, sering kali di atas pintu di ujung barat liturgi. [2] Di gereja modern, panti paduan suara mungkin ditempatkan di tengah belakang altar, atau mimbar. [3]
Panti paduan suara belakang atau retroquire adalah ruang di belakang altar tinggi di paduan suara gereja, di mana mungkin terdapat altar kecil yang berdiri saling membelakangi.[4]
In monasteries, when the choir of schola cantorum was composed of religious, it was usually within the cancelli in front of the sanctuary. The liturgical movement of the Baroque age removed it to a choir loft at the back of the church, thus enabling the sanctuary to be more integrated with the nave.
One of the two dominant types is the concert-stage arrangement with tiers of choir stalls behind a pulpit platform at the foot of which appears the altar-table. The other type is the so-called divided chancel with the choir stalls and altar-table within the chancel and the pulpit at one side of its entrance. In both cases the liturgical space allotted to the congregation tends to be similar: a long, rectangular nave.
ヨーロッパでは古来、村や街にblacksmith（日本語で言う鍛冶屋）がいて、農具、刃物、カウベル、蹄鉄、馬車の部品、鉄製家具（金属製家具（英語版））、装飾看板 等々等々、伝統的な形状のものでも、また即興的に思いついた形のものでも、実に多種多様なものを、鉄（や他の金属）を加工して自在に作る。 ウズベキスタンのブハラの職人が金属板にタガネとハンマー
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