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Ketimpangan sosial atau Kesenjangan sosial adalah suatu keadaan di mana terjadi kesenjangan, ketimpangan, ataupun ketidaksamaan akses untuk memanfaatkan sumber daya yang terjadi dalam suatu masyarakat. Ketimpangan sosial berarti tidak seimbang atau terjadi jarak di tengah masyarakat. Hal ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan status sosial, ekonomi, maupun budaya.^[1]

Kesenjangan sosial terjadi saat sumber daya yang ada di dalam suatu masyarakat tidak tersebar secara merata, yang menimbulkan pola-pola khusus berdasarkan kategori-kategori yang ditetapkan secara sosial. Kesenjangan sosial dihasilkan oleh perbedaan kekuasaan, agama, kekerabatan, martabat, ras, etnisitas, gender, usia dan golongan. Kesenjangan sosial berkaitan dengan kesenjangan ekonomi, yang biasanya dideskripsikan atas dasar distribusi pemasukan atau kekayaan yang tidak merata, merupakan jenis kesenjangan sosial yang sering diteliti. Ilmu ekonomi dan sosiologi secara aktif menggunakan pendekatan-pendekatan yang berbeda untuk meneliti dan menjelaskan kesenjangan ekonomi. Namun, sumber daya alam dan sosial selain sumber daya ekonomi murni juga tak tersebar secara merata dalam sebagian besar masyarakat dan dapat menghasilkan status sosial yang berbeda-beda. Norma-norma alokasi dapat berdampak pada distribusi hak dan kewajiban, kekuasaan sosial, akses pada barang-barang publik seperti pendidikan atau sistem yudisial, perumahan, transportasi, kredit dan jasa keuangan seperti perbankan dan barang dan jasa sosial lainnya.

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