Ikatan kasih sayang

Dalam psikologi, ikatan kasih sayang adalah jenis perilaku kelekatan yang dimiliki seseorang terhadap individu lain,[1] biasanya adalah pengasuh anaknya,[2] di mana kedua pasangan cenderung tetap dekat satu sama lain.[1][3] Istilah ini diciptakan dan kemudian dikembangkan selama empat dekade, dari awal tahun 1940-an hingga akhir tahun 1970-an, oleh psikolog John Bowlby dalam karyanya tentang teori kelekatan.[4] Inti dari istilah ikatan kasih sayang, menurut Bowlby, adalah ketertarikan yang dimiliki seseorang terhadap individu lainnya. Ciri utama dari konsep ikatan kasih sayang dapat ditelusuri ke makalah Bowlby tahun 1958, "The Nature of the Child's Tie to his Mother".[5]

Kriteria

Bowlby menyebut ikatan kelekatan sebagai jenis ikatan "kasih sayang" tertentu, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh dia dan psikolog perkembangan Mary Ainsworth. Dia menetapkan lima kriteria untuk ikatan kasih sayang antar individu, dan kriteria keenam untuk ikatan kelekatan:

  1. Ikatan kasih sayang bersifat persisten, bukan sementara.
  2. Ikatan kasih sayang melibatkan orang tertentu yang tidak dapat dipertukarkan dengan orang lain.
  3. Ikatan kasih sayang melibatkan hubungan yang signifikan secara emosional.
  4. Individu ingin menjaga kedekatan atau kontak dengan orang yang memiliki ikatan kasih sayang dengannya.
  5. Individu merasakan kesedihan atau kesusahan karena perpisahan yang tidak disengaja dari orang tersebut.
  6. (Ikatan kelekatan) Individu merasa kesepian & tidak dapat membentuk hubungan & persahabatan jangka panjang lainnya.

Ikatan kelekatan memiliki kriteria tambahan: orang tersebut mencari keamanan dan kenyamanan dalam hubungan tersebut.[6]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Bowlby, J. (2005). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Routledge Classics. ISBN 0-415-35481-1. 
  2. ^ Pendry, Patricia (August 1998). "Ethological Attachment Theory: A Great Idea in Personality?". 
  3. ^ Kobak, R.; Madsen, S.D. (2011). "Attachment". Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Elsevier. hlm. 18–24. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373951-3.00044-2. An affectional bond in which the individual relies on the partner as a source of protection when distressed and encouragement when challenged. 
  4. ^ Vicedo, Marga (2014). "Attachment". Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. New York, NY: Springer New York. hlm. 136–141. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_22. ISBN 978-1-4614-5582-0. In its original sense, attachment refers to the mother-infant bond that, according to John Bowlby, has a biological instinctual basis. Today, the term is also used to refer to the affectional bonds established in other relationships. 
  5. ^ Bowlby, J. (1958). "The Nature of the Childs Tie to his Mother." International Journal of Psychoanalysis 39: 350–373.
  6. ^ Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709716. Reference for the entire section "Five criteria"

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