Golongan kawula negara atau triwarga adalah tata jenjang kemasyarakatan Dunia Kristen yang diterapkan semenjak Abad Pertengahan sampai pada Awal Zaman Modern. Berbagai macam tatanan lain yang menggolong-golongkan warga negara ke dalam jenjang-jenjang kemasyarakatan tertentu juga muncul dan berkembang seiring zaman.
Tatanan yang paling terkenal adalah Ancien Régime (Rezim Lama) di Prancis, tatanan triwarga yang diterapkan sampai dengan meletusnya Revolusi Prancis (1789–1799). Kedudukan kepala negara adalah kewenangan raja dan ratu, sementara warga negara selebihnya dibedakan menjadi kaum rohaniwan (warga pertama), kaum ningrat (warga kedua), serta kaum tani dan kaum borjuis (warga ketiga). Di beberapa tempat lain di Eropa, teristimewa Skandinavia dan Rusia, warga kota terkemuka (golongan saudagar perkotaan) dan rakyat jelata pedesaan dibedakan menjadi golongan-golongan yang terpisah, sehingga tercipta tatanan caturwarga di mana rakyat jelata pedesaan menjadi golongan kawula yang keempat. Selain itu, warga miskin yang tidak memiliki tanah sendiri dibiarkan tidak tercakup dalam golongan-golongan kawula yang ada, dan dengan demikian meniadakan hak politik mereka. Di Inggris, muncul tatanan dwiwarga. Kaum ningrat dan kaum rohaniwan disatukan menjadi "golongan tuan-tuan besar" (golongan kawula pertama), sementara warga negara selebihnya disamaratakan menjadi "golongan rakyat jelata" (golongan kawula kedua). Tatanan ini melahirkan dua majelis parlemen, yakni Majelis Rakyat Jelata (bahasa Inggris: House of Commons) dan Majelis Tuan-Tuan Besar (bahasa Inggris: House of Lords). Di kawasan selatan Jerman, diterapkan tatanan triwarga yang terdiri atas kaum ningrat (para penguasa swapraja dan rohaniwan tinggi), kaum kesatria, dan kaum borjuis. Di Skotlandia, tatanan triwarga terdiri atas kaum rohaniwan (golongan kawula pertama), kaum ningrat (golongan kawula kedua), dan para Komisioner Shire atau "para Burghers" (golongan kawula ketiga), yang mewakili kaum borjuis, warga kelas menengah, dan warga kelas bawah. Ketiga golongan ini merupakan unsur-unsur Parlemen Skotlandia.
اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف هليلج كابلي حالة الحفظ أنواع غير مهددة أو خطر انقراض ضعيف جدا[1] المرتبة التصنيفية نوع التصنيف العلمي النطاق: حقيقيات النوى المملكة: النباتات الفرقة العليا: النباتات الأرضية القسم: النباتات الوعائية الشعبة: شعبة البذريات ا…
Esta página lista lemas estaduais e nacionais para os Estados independentes do mundo. Os lemas para alguns Estados não-reconhecidos e alguns Estados extintos, são listados, mas os seus nomes não estão em negrito. Um lema de Estado é utilizado para descrever a intenção ou motivação do Estado numa curta frase. Por exemplo, ele pode ser incluído no brasão de armas, moedas ou notas de um país. Alguns países optam por não ter um lema nacional. A África do Sul: !ke e: /xarra //ke…
Дідьє Дігар Особисті дані Народження 12 липня 1986(1986-07-12) (37 років) Жизор, Франція Зріст 184 см Вага 73 кг Громадянство Франція Позиція півзахисник Номер 15 Юнацькі клуби 2001-2004 «Гавр» Професіональні клуби* Роки Клуб І (г) 2004–2007 «Гавр» 72 (3) 2007–2008 «Парі Сен-Жермен» 16 (0) …
Indian communications media Part of a series on theCulture of India Society Indians Folklore History Languages Holidays Religion Arts and literature Art Architecture Cinema Comics Dance Festivals Literature Poetry Music Painting Sculpture Theatre Others Cuisine Media Newspapers Radio Television Sports Traditional Video games Fashion Mythology Hindu Vedic Meitei Buddhist Folklore Symbols Flag State Emblem Anthem Miss India World Heritage Sites Monuments Organizations Ministry of Culture Ministry …
Центр науки «Коперник» 52°14′30″ пн. ш. 21°01′41″ сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260° пн. ш. 21.02833333002777749° сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260; 21.02833333002777749Координати: 52°14′30″ пн. ш. 21°01′41″ сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260° пн. ш. 21.02833333002777749° сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260; 21.…
King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153 David IKing of Scotland (more...) Reign23 April 1124 – 24 May 1153CoronationScone, April or May 1124PredecessorAlexander ISuccessorMalcolm IVPrince of the CumbriansReign1113–1124Bornc. 1084Died24 May 1153(1153-05-24) (aged 68–69)CarlisleBurialDunfermline AbbeySpouseMaud, Countess of HuntingdonIssueHenry, Earl of NorthumberlandHodiernaClariciaNamesDabíd mac Maíl CholuimHouseDunkeldFatherMalcolm III of ScotlandMotherMargaret of Wessex David I o…
Тясмин — народний аматорський хор Олександрівського районного будинку культури був створений 1951 року в смт Олександрівка Олександрівського району Кіровоградської області. Колектив народного хору «Тясмин» Зміст 1 Історія 2 Репертуар 3 Склад 4 Керівники та акомпаніато
BBC radio comedy show Richard Murdoch, left, and Kenneth Horne in Much-Binding-in-the Marsh, 1948 Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh was a comedy show broadcast from 1944 to 1950 and 1951 to 1954 by BBC radio and in 1950–51 by Radio Luxembourg. It was written by and starred Richard Murdoch and Kenneth Horne as officers in a fictional RAF station coping with red tape and the inconveniences and incongruities of life in the Second World War. After the war the station became a country club and finally the …
جائزة بريطانيا الكبرى 1960 (بالإنجليزية: XIII RAC British Grand Prix) السباق 7 من أصل 10 في بطولة العالم لسباقات الفورمولا واحد موسم 1960 السلسلة بطولة العالم لسباقات فورمولا 1 موسم 1960 البلد المملكة المتحدة التاريخ 16 يوليو 1960 مكان التنظيم حلبة سلفرستون، إنجلترا طول المسار 4.711 كي
Untuk orang lain dengan nama yang sama, lihat James Martin. James MartinLahir29 Desember 1960 (umur 62)Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, ASKebangsaanAmerikaPekerjaanImam Yesuit, pengarangGerejaGereja LatinDitahbiskan1999 (imam) James J. Martin, S.J. (lahir 29 Desember 1960), juga dikenal sebagai Jim Martin, adalah seorang imam Yesuit, penulis dan penyunting majalah Yesuit America.[1] Ia dibesarkan di Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, dan sekarang tinggal di America House Jesuit Communit…
La page ci-dessous regroupe les listes de films américains produits par l'industrie cinématographique américaine, classés par année de sortie. Les articles détaillés proposent des listes plus précises. Listes Avant 1900 Liste de films américains sortis avant 1900 Années 1900 Films américains sortis en 1900 Films américains sortis en 1901 Films américains sortis en 1902 Films américains sortis en 1903 Films américains sortis en 1904 Films américains sortis en 1905 Films américain…
For other uses, see Rescue (disambiguation). British TV series or programme RescueGenreDocumentaryDirected byPaul BerriffCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes13ProductionProduction companyPaul Berriff Productions in association with Scottish TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease7 January (1990-01-07) –1 April 1990 (1990-04-01) Rescue is a 13-part documentary series created, directed and filmed by Paul Berriff. It focused …
Latvian political party For Stability! Stabilitātei!AbbreviationS!LeaderAleksejs RosļikovsFoundersAleksejs RosļikovsValērijs Petrovs [lv]Founded26 February 2021 (2021-02-26)Split fromHarmonyAlternativeMembership (2021)647IdeologyPopulismCentrism[1][2]Russian minority politics[3]Euroscepticism[1]Political positionCentreColours OrangeSloganStabilitātei-Jā!(Yes for Stability!)Saeima10 / 100Websitepartijastabilitatei.l…
National youth association football team Togo U-17Nickname(s)Les Eperviers (The Sparrow Hawks)AssociationFédération Togolaise de FootballConfederationCAF (Africa)Sub-confederationWAFU (West Africa)FIFA codeTOG First colours Second colours Third colours African U-17 ChampionshipAppearances1 (first in 2007)Best resultRunners-Up, 2007FIFA U-17 World CupAppearances1 (first in 2007)Best resultGroup Stage, 2007 The Togo national under-17 football team represents Togo in association football at this …
Exhibition basketball game 1995 NBA All-Star Game 1234 Total East 28282531 112 West 31413235 139 DateFebruary 12, 1995ArenaAmerica West ArenaCityPhoenixMVPMitch RichmondNational anthemBoys Choir of HarlemAttendance18,755NetworkNBCTNT (All-Star Saturday)AnnouncersMarv Albert, Matt Guokas and Steve JonesBob Neal, Doug Collins and Hubie Brown (All-Star Saturday) West East NBA All-Star Game < 1994 1996 > The 1995 NBA All-Star Game was the 45th edition of the All-Star Game. The Wester…
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Outubro de 2016) Foz do Iguaçu Aeroporto Internacional de Foz do Iguaçu / Cataratas Predefinição:Info/Aeroporto IATA: IGU - ICAO: SBFI Características Tipo Público Administração CCR Aeroportos Serve Microrregião de Foz do Iguaçu Loc…
Main article: 1856 United States presidential election 1856 United States presidential election in New York ← 1852 November 4, 1856 1860 → Turnout89.9%[1] 5.2 pp Nominee John C. Frémont James Buchanan Millard Fillmore Party Republican Democratic American Home state California Pennsylvania New York Running mate William L. Dayton John C. Breckinridge Andrew J. Donelson Electoral vote 35 0 0 Popular vote 276,004 195,878 124,604 Percentage 46…
Type of genital piercing Lock inserted through a piercing in a penis Pierced inner labia with chastity piercing Foreskin chastity Chastity piercings are types of genital piercings that can be used to impose chastity in males and females.[1][2][3][4] Females A ring or other device is used to hold the labia closed, preventing the wearer from having vaginal sexual intercourse. When denial of direct stimulation of the clitoris is the goal, a rigid shield can be fasten…
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Shadows anthology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) First edition, cover art by James Starrett Shadows was a series of horror anthologies edited by Charles L. Grant, published by Doubleday from 19…
Taxila local single-die coinage. (220-185 BCE). This early coins displays an arched-hill symbol, a tree-in-railing, a Nandipada and a Swastika. The reverse is blank.[1] The Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara refers to the period of coinage production in Gandhara, following the breakup of the Maurya Empire (321-185 BCE). When Mauryan central power disappeared, several small independent entities were formed, which started to strike their own coins, defining a period of Post-Mauryan coinage t…
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