Dua Puluh Satu Tuntutan

Dua Puluh Satu Tuntutan (Jepang: 対華21ヶ条要求, Taika Nijūikkajō Yōkyū, Hanzi sederhana: 二十一条; Hanzi tradisional: 二十一條; Pinyin: Èrshíyī tiáo) adalah serangkaian tuntutan yang dibuat selama Perang Dunia Pertama oleh Kekaisaran Jepang di bawah Perdana Menteri Ōkuma Shigenobu dikirim ke pemerintah Republik Tiongkok pada 8 Januari 1915.^[1] Tuntutan akan sangat memperluas kontrol Jepang atas Manchuria dan ekonomi Tiongkok, dan ditentang oleh Inggris dan Amerika Serikat. Dalam penyelesaian akhir Jepang mendapatkan sedikit tetapi kehilangan banyak pamor dan kepercayaan di Inggris dan Amerika Serikat.

Orang-orang Tiongkok menanggapi dengan boikot nasional secara spontan atas barang-barang Jepang; Ekspor Jepang ke Tiongkok turun 40%. Inggris telah terhina dan tidak lagi percaya pada Jepang sebagai mitra. Dengan Perang Dunia Pertama yang sedang berlangsung, posisi Jepang cukup kuat dan Inggris cukup lemah. Namun demikian, Inggris (dan Amerika Serikat) memaksa Jepang untuk membatalkan tuntutan kelima yang akan memberikan Jepang sebuah langkah yang cukup besar kepada kontrol atas ekonomi seluruh Tiongkok dan mengakhiri Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka.^[2] Jepang memperoleh empat tuntutan pertama dari tujuan dalam perjanjian dengan Tiongkok pada 25 Mei 1915.

Referensi

^ Chen, Jerome. Yuan Shih-k'ai. Stanford University Press, 1972, p. 152.
^ Gowen, 1971)

Bibliografi

Davis, Clarence B. "Limits of Effacement: Britain and the Problem of American Cooperation and Competition in China, 1915-1917." Pacific Historical Review (1979): 47-63.
Dickinson, Frederick R. War and national reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914-1919 (Harvard Univ Asia Center, Vol. 177. 1999)
Gowen, Robert Joseph. "Great Britain and the Twenty-One Demands of 1915: Cooperation versus Effacement," Journal of Modern History (1971) 43#1 pp. 76–106 in JSTOR
Griswold, A. Whitney. The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938)
Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (1970). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford University Press. hlm. 494, 502.
Jansen, Marius B. "Yawata, Hanyehping, and the twenty-one demands," Pacific Historical Review(1954) 23#1 pp 31–48.
LaFeber, Walter. The Clash: US-Japanese Relations Throughout History (1998) pp 106–16
Luo, Zhitian. "National humiliation and national assertion-The Chinese response to the twenty-one demands" Modern Asian Studies (1993) 27#2 pp 297–319.
Narangoa, Li. "Japanese Geopolitics and the Mongol Lands, 1915-1945," European Journal of East Asian Studies (2004) 3#1 pp 45–67
Nish, Ian Hill. Japanese foreign policy, 1869-1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka (1977).
Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). The Search for Modern China.

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