《迪克森實驗有聲電影》的無聲35毫米硝酸纖維拷貝膠捲約有40英尺長,於1942年被現代藝術博物館收藏並轉錄至安全膠捲(英语:Cellulose acetate film)上。湯瑪斯·A·愛迪生公司在1956年將愛迪生實驗設施捐贈給美国国家公园管理局。1960年代初,這部電影的硬蠟圓筒原聲帶在湯瑪斯·愛迪生國家歷史公園(英语:Thomas Edison National Historical Park)中被發現,當時其被發現放在愛迪生設施錄音室的金屬罐中,罐上有標示「Dickson—Violin by W.K.L. Dixon with Kineto」,但當研究人員在1964年將罐子打開時,罐中的圓筒早已斷成兩截。同年,管理局將公園中所有剩餘硝酸纖維膠捲都被移至國會圖書館進行保存,在這其中有一支被圖書館標記為「迪克森小提琴」(Dickson Violin),據圖書館電影與電視典藏品管理人派崔克·勞尼(Patrick Loughney)所示,該膠捲「長39英尺又14幀[比40英尺短了兩幀]」。[6]
《迪克森實驗有聲電影》的音畫結合要等到1998年,當時勞尼與歷史公園的錄音室設施管理人傑瑞·法布里斯(Jerry Fabris)安排對電影的硬蠟圓筒進行修復,並在紐約的羅傑斯和漢默斯坦錄音檔案館(Rodgers and Hammerstein Archive of Recorded Sound)恢復了其中的內容,接著用新的錄音母帶將其內容錄下,以便日後在數碼錄音帶上重現保真度。由於圖書館不具備將恢復的配樂與電影畫面同步結合的能力,製片人和修復專家瑞克·施密德林(英语:Rick Schmidlin)建議讓獲獎無數的電影剪輯師沃爾特·默奇(英语:Walter Murch)參與其中(兩人在1998年合作修復了奧森·威爾斯執導的《歷劫佳人(英语:Touch of Evil)》),默奇最終得到了17秒的電影畫面和從圓筒中恢復的2分鐘的聲音來進行處理。[7]默奇通過將素材進行數位媒體編輯成功把《迪克森實驗有聲電影》音畫同步結合。光影魔幻工業在修復過程中發揮了一定的作用,但具體作用不詳。[8]《迪克森實驗有聲電影》修復版於2002年6月1日的黑瑪麗亞電影節(Black Maria Film Festival)上在歷史公園的20英寸屏幕上放映。
^See, e.g., UNLV Short Film Archive互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-06-27.. Courtesy of Wikipedia editor Franz Jacobs, the following material can be accessed to compare Dickson's performance with a selection from "Song of the Cabin Boy", demonstrating that Dickson plays the vocal part on the violin:
^Loughney (2001) describes the sound as "nearly two minutes long" (p. 217). Murch, in his brief 2000 note, calls it "a couple of minutes long"; in his 2004 interview he says "two and a half minutes long."
^Russo (1987), pp. 6–7. For rebuttal of Russo's claim, see, e.g., Dixon (2003), p. 53; Justin DeFreitas, "Moving Pictures: Documentary Puts Modern Gay Cinema in Context", Berkeley Daily Planet, July 7, 2006 (available online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
^See Movies of the 90s, ed. Juergen Mueller (Bonn: Taschen, 2001), p. 147. See also Larry P. Gross, Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 57. Gross also erroneously calls it a "five-minute avant-garde film" and describes the men as dancing to music "played on an Edison gramophone", though he does properly state that "we don't know what Dickson intended this light-hearted scene to suggest" (ibid.). The passage is adapted from a section introduction written by Gross for The Columbia Reader on Lesbians & Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics, ed. Larry P. Gross and James D. Woods (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 291.
^A particularly relevant example of the way the word "gay" was actually used is provided by a later Edison Manufacturing Company film, directed by Edwin S. Porter. As described by scholar Linda Williams, The Gay Shoe Clerk (1903)
is composed of a static long shot.... A clerk is tidying up when two women enter. The younger woman seats herself before the clerk as the older woman's attention wanders. When the clerk begins to try a shoe on the young woman, the master long shot is replaced by an "insert" close-up of her foot and ankle showing the clerk's hands fondling the foot. As the shot continues the woman's full-length skirt rises, and the audience gets a good view of her stockinged calf. Returning to the original long shot, we see the rest of the action: the clerk, apparently aroused by the sight and touch of her calf, kisses the young woman; the older woman finally notices and begins beating him on the head with her umbrella.
Linda Williams, Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the "Frenzy of the Visible", exp. ed. (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 65–66.
^See John C. Waugh, The Class of 1846: From West Point to Appomattox—Stonewall Jackson, George McClellan and Their Brothers" (Ballantine Books: 1994), pp. 19, 131, 138.
來源
出版書籍
Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003). Straight: Constructions of Heterosexuality in the Cinema (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003). ISBN0-7914-5623-4
Hendricks, Gordon (1966). The Kinetoscope: America's First Commercially Successful Motion Picture Exhibitor. New York: Theodore Gaus' Sons. Reprinted in Hendricks, Gordon (1972). Origins of the American Film. New York: Arno Press/New York Times. ISBN0-405-03919-0
Loughney, Patrick (2001). “Domitor Witnesses the First Complete Public Presentation of The Dickson Experimental Sound Film in the Twentieth Century,” in The Sounds of Early Cinema, ed. Richard Abel and Rick Altman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 215–219. ISBN0-253-33988-X
Russo, Vito (1987). The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row). ISBN0-06-096132-5
線上資料
Dickson Sound Film short, scholarly discussion; part of the UNLV Short Film Archive
Dickson Experimental Sound Film essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN0826429777, pages 3–4 [1]