让·博丹

博丹

讓·博丹（法語：Jean Bodin，1530年—1596年），是法國的律師、國會議員和法學教授，因他的主權（souveraineté）理論而被視為政治科學之父。代表作《国家六论（法语：Les Six Livres de la République）》，与霍布斯、波舒哀等人同为西方絕對君主制理论的集大成者。

让.博丹出生于法国宗教改革的动荡时期。著书反对法国的宗教冲突。他虽然名义上仍为天主教徒，但对教皇的权威高于法国君主持批评的态度，故教派傾向為溫和、愛國性質的政略派（英语：Politique）。主张由法国国王实施中央专制来取代派系纷争。在临近生命结束时，他完成了不同宗教之间的对话，其中包括了伊斯兰教、犹太教和自然神学。他的主张是各种宗教和谐共存。

思想

博丹認為主權是「在臣民之上，不受法律節制的最高權力」。[1] 主權擁有者，除了上帝的旨意和自然法之外，任何人的法律都可不必遵守，因為法律是由主權所創造的。主權擁有者不必然是君主，也可能是國會。主權包含了有設立官署和規定其職務的權力；立法和廢法的權力；宣戰與媾和的權力；接受請願的權力；生殺之權力等[2]。 曾主張:「國家擁有對內最高，對外不受干預的主權能力。」

獵巫

在西爾維婭·費代里奇（英语：Silvia Federici）的著作《凱列班與女巫（英语：Caliban and the Witch）》中提到，理論家讓·博丹是女巫的勁教，他對女巫的憎恨和對殺戮的呼時都很執著。他參加了許多女巫審判，另寫了一卷《證明》（Demomonia, 1580）。在《證明》之中，他堅持認為女巫應該被活活燒死，而不是在被扔進火焰之前被“仁慈地”勤死，以及她們應該被燒灼，讓她們的肉在死前腐爛，並且她們的孩子也該被燒死。

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参考文献

  1. ^ Six Livres de la République 1. 8.
  2. ^ Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy (New York: Doubleday, 1953, 1993), 3:325.

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