衍庆宫淑妃

康惠淑妃,姓博尔济吉特氏,名巴特瑪璪(蒙古语ᠪᠠᠳᠮᠠᠵᠤᠤ西里尔字母Бадамзуу,1606年—1667年)。林丹汗遗孀,後為清太宗皇太极之妃。阿霸垓部塔布囊博第塞楚祜尔之女。

本名、姓氏

康惠淑妃的名字——巴特玛璪(满语转写Batma dzoo)的满文写法出于《滿文老檔》原档记录,乾隆帝避讳之故,下令以白纸贴盖,两百年未外传[1]:478—479。巴特玛璪为藏語人名,意为“莲花湖”。关孝廉《论〈满文老档〉》中[a],翻译为“巴特玛·璪”。当代研究者王冕森对“·”有异议,翻译时不加间隔号[2]:173

乾隆朝《满文老档》中,孝端文皇后孝莊文皇后敏惠恭和元妃懿靖大贵妃“删去原录之名,仅录姓氏”。而康惠淑妃“删去原录之名,仅录为博第塞楚虎尔塔布囊之女”。故研究者王冕森指出,康惠淑妃出自阿鲁万户[b]阿霸垓部,却非博尔济吉特氏[2]:174

生平

她原是林丹汗之妻,負責掌管察哈爾本部之竇土蠻萬戶,故被稱為竇土門福晉天聰八年,林丹汗在西征青海的途中病故,同年閏八月二十八日,竇土門福晉等人歸附後金[4]。竇土門福晉和察哈爾汗之姑被引至幄前拜見皇太極,行抱見禮,皇太極命人宰牛羊、設大宴款待竇土門福晉及來歸諸臣[5]。學者寶音初古拉認為林丹汗在竇土門福晉斡耳朵里去世,因為可汗的直屬軍隊「中軍萬戶」的管領者德參莊與竇土蠻萬戶一起歸附後金,而且察哈爾的首位四大宰桑和多數大臣都雲集在竇土蠻萬戶,後來與竇土門福晉一起歸附後金[6]

崇德元年(1636年)四月,皇太極在盛京皇宮崇政殿內舉行豋基儀式,並且改國號為大清;五月,东衍庆宫福晋(dergi urgun i booi fujin)巴特瑪璪被册封为侧福晋(dergi ashan i fujin)[7]。七月,获得中原式妃嫔封号,即淑妃满语转写ijishūn fujin[2]:174

崇德元年八月十九日,东大福晋宸妃和东侧福晋淑妃不舒服,便前往鞍山坐汤。皇太極亲自送她們出宮,巳刻出德盛門。在浑河岸邊看到她們乘船渡河後,未刻入抚近门还宫;十月初二日,东大福晋宸妃和东侧福晋淑妃還宮,申刻皇太極到盛京城德盛门迎接她們入宮;同年十一月初三日,清寧宮國君福晉、麟趾宮貴妃和永福宮莊妃率領諸王、貝勒之福晉及諸大臣之妻,在十里外舉行大宴迎接察哈爾公主等進入盛京城。宸妃和淑妃因不明緣故而未有出現。崇德四年(1640年),皇太极命弟弟多尔衮娶淑妃抚养的蒙古女淑侪(或指她是淑德格格[2]:175)為妻。两人在次年正式成婚。其后关于淑侪的记载不详,是否是《玉碟》所记,多尔衮側福晉、延布圖台吉之女察哈爾公齊特氏,无从考证。

崇德四年(1639年)十二月,麟趾宮貴妃的父亲额齐克诺颜等人前来清廷会亲,“其妻福金及博底赛塔布囊妻福金亦至”。研究者王冕森推测“博底赛塔布囊妻福金”,可能即是她的母亲[2]:174

顺治九年(1652年)十月丁卯,顺治帝加封大贵妃和淑妃尊号,称她为康惠淑妃[8]满语转写nesuken fulehun ijishūn fei,直译为“安康恩惠淑顺妃”)[2]:174。明代中后期至明末的紫禁城外东路仁寿殿区域内,已有景福门和景福宫存在。清皇室定鼎燕京后,皇太极遗孀们入往此處。包括国君福金哲哲、康惠淑妃、以及若干位没有封号的福金等人。

順治十年二月初十日,慈寧宮、延禧宮、永慶宮開始興工,內新蓋建宮殿和群房七十八間、大小門三十座、亭二座、山子三座,並且修理舊房大門一百四十間、小門九座,花欄、井亭、魚池、月台、圍牆等項共用過工料銀十九萬四千二百六十一兩[9]。同年六月十七日,慈寧宮建成,閏六月十二日,皇太后移居慈寧宮,而兩妃則移居東西兩宮[10]。康熙、乾隆朝的檔案中,她又被称为為「淑妃」(满语转写šu fei[2]:174)、「蘇妃」[11]满语转写su fei)、「西淑妃」(满语转写wargi šu fei)。研究者王冕森指,这是因为当时“š”和“s”混用之故[2]:174—175

康熙二年(1663年)十一月,十二歲的和碩柔嘉公主下嫁靖南王耿仲明之曾孙三等子爵耿聚忠。內务府官員要擬定公主宴席上,太皇太后仁宪皇太后等人所用的物品。他們請旨此次宴會上,东西二妃 (即懿靖大贵妃和康惠淑妃) 、二公主格格們、乾清宫福晋阿哥们所用的物品是否由内务府来备办。康熙初年,慈寧宮的大門太監告知淑妃突然嘔吐,病的不輕,應該由太皇太后處理,但是當時太皇太后尚在齋戒,按理不能向她奏事,所以改由太皇太后身邊的有力婦差和太監進行處理,找來了大夫醫治淑妃。

康熙六年六月初十日,康惠淑妃薨逝[2]:175,包衣諳班等奏:「西淑妃大事,其位下佐領管領何等人以上穿孝」。得旨:「佐領護軍以上、商人、各處辦事官員,皆著穿孝。管領章京以下、披甲以上、各處辦事官員,皆著穿孝」。同年八月,康惠淑妃正式奉安。清廷将遗物和相当一部分的使女交给淑德格格[2]:175

乾隆三十七年,盛京三陵的祭器按照王公、妃子的等級改用鍍金器、銅器、瓷器等,壽康太妃蘇妃園寢之金器、銀器俱改用銅器[12]

备注

  1. ^ 关于关孝廉《论〈满文老档〉》,参见,1985年作者单印本,第26页[2]:173
  2. ^ 蒙古人以大兴安岭为分界线,岭北即是“阿鲁蒙古(岭北蒙古)”[3]:32。参见:漠南蒙古左翼。

注释

  1. ^ 辽宁省档案局(馆)编. 《风物辽宁 叁》. 辽宁省·沈阳市: 辽宁人民出版社. 2014 [2022-07-30]. ISBN 9787205080327 (简体中文). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 王冕森. 第八章 清太宗的后宫;第二节 清太宗的“崇德五宫”;五、康惠淑妃. 《清代后妃杂识》. 中国·上海市: 上海社会科学院出版社. 2022. ISBN 9787552038200 (简体中文). 
  3. ^ 乌云毕力格、宋瞳. 《关于清代内札萨克蒙古盟的雏形——以理藩院满文题本为中心》. 清史研究 (北京市: 中国人民大学). 2011, (2011年第4期): 27—34 [2023-12-31]. ISSN 1002-8587. (原始内容存档于2023-12-31) (简体中文). 
  4. ^ 清史稿 卷二 本紀二》:辛亥,察哈爾寨桑噶爾馬濟農等率其國人六千奉豆土門福金來歸。
  5. ^ 中國第一歷史檔案館編譯:《清初內國史院滿文檔案譯編》,天聰八年閏八月二十八日條,光明日報出版社1989年版
  6. ^ 寶音初古拉. 林丹汗八大斡耳朵與察哈爾本部. 蒙古學集刊. 2006, (2). 
  7. ^ 条条大路通罗马:清代后宫的等级与来源. 搜狐网. 2017-08-28 [2019-03-14]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-15) (简体中文). 
  8. ^ 清实录·世祖实录·卷之六十九》○丙寅。以尊上懿靖大贵妃、康惠淑妃尊号、祭告太庙,遣内大臣伯索尼行礼......○丁卯。上诣懿靖大贵妃、康惠淑妃两宫、奉册上尊号、行礼。......康惠淑妃册文曰。柔嘉维则、赞襄彰坤教之隆。义问攸崇、典册展懿亲之奉。庆谐宫壸。礼具彝章。皇考淑妃秉德安贞。持身恭慎珩璜中节、著昧旦之良规。图史端仪、佐承乾之令矩。既行臻于备美、宜颂协于臧嘉。爰晋荣称、用昭徽范。谨以金册尊为皇考康惠淑妃、庆从善积式凝康豫之祥。位以德升、弥笃显融之祜谨言......○戊辰。以二太妃尊号礼成。上御太和殿诸王群臣、行庆贺礼。
  9. ^ 王家鵬《慈寧宮大佛堂調查記》引用中國第一歷史檔案館,長編 65626 工科史書《尚書孫塔題為奉諭皇太后移宮事》,順治十年閏六月十四日丁丑。
  10. ^ 王家鵬《慈寧宮大佛堂調查記》引用中國第一歷史檔案館藏,長編 65614 工科史書《工部尚書劉昌題為慈寧宮南花園等處匾額事》順治十年四月二十三戊午。
  11. ^ 乾隆八年六月十五日工部《為呈明昭陵蘇妃處紅毯黃磁盤碗破損並送圖樣應准更換事致內務府》,中國第一歷史檔案館藏,檔案號:05-13-002-000003-0019
  12. ^ 賴惠敏. 清乾隆皇帝製作金屬祭器的意義. 故宮學術季刊. 2020, 37 (3): 76–77. 

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