联盟计划

在阿波罗-联盟测试计划中使用的联盟号飞船

联盟计划（俄语：Союз，意思为“联盟”）是苏联于20世纪60年代初开始的一项载人航天计划。它原先是苏联登月计划的一部分，目的是将苏联宇航员送上月球。联盟号飞船和联盟号火箭都是这一计划的产物，现在由俄罗斯联邦航天局负责。从发射次数和成功率来看，联盟号所采用的系统是目前仍在采用的最老和最可靠的载人航天系统。

联盟号火箭

主条目：联盟号运载火箭
发射平台上的联盟号运载火箭

联盟计划使用的一次性使用运载系统称为联盟号火箭。这种火箭在位于俄罗斯萨马拉的进步国家科研生产航天火箭中心（英语：Progress Rocket Space Centre）（TsSKB-Progress，又名萨马拉航天中心）生产。在用于发射载人的联盟号飞船的同时，联盟号火箭也被用于向国际空间站发射不载人的进步号货运飞船以及其他TsSKB-Progress和Starsem（英语：Starsem）公司进行的商业卫星发射活动。目前，联盟号火箭从位于哈萨克斯坦的拜科努尔航天中心和位于西北俄罗斯的普列谢茨克航天发射场发射。从2009年开始，联盟号火箭也将从位于法属圭亚那的库鲁航天中心发射。[1]

联盟号飞船

主条目：联盟号飞船

基本的联盟号飞船设计是许多计划（其中的一部分从未公开）的基础。最初的设计目的为在前往月球的同时，避免使用美国土星五号或者苏联N1火箭那样巨大的发射工具，而是不断地将类似联盟号火箭的上面级运送到太空并连接起来。这一最初设计由苏联太空计划总设计师谢尔盖·科罗廖夫提出，但是他本人并没有亲眼看到自己的设计进入太空就过早地离开了人世。一些军用的衍生品曾经在苏联的设计工作中占据主导，但是他们从未获得通过。

一艘联盟号飞船从前到后分成三部分：

联盟号的衍生型号有以下几种：

衍生型号

探针飞船是联盟飞船的另一种为环绕地球和月球轨道而设计的飞船。但是，这种飞船从未达到载人飞行所需要的安全性，同时也丧失了使用这种飞船的政治意义。

进步号无人货运飞船承担了向礼炮号空间站和和平号空间站运送物资的任务。这种飞船使用了联盟号飞船自动导航和对接的技术，但是不包括返回舱技术。

中国研制的神舟号飞船并不是联盟飞船的直接衍生型号，但是，神舟号飞船借鑒了联盟飞船技術，也與联盟号飞船的结构相似。[2][3]中国航天科技集团公司有关负责人指出，这种相似是由于气动外形设计需要。[4]

图片集

联盟号飞船载人飞行记录

参见联盟系列宇宙飞船发射任务列表

联盟号飞船无人飞行记录

  1. 宇宙133 - 发射失败
  2. 宇宙140 - 再入损毁
  3. 宇宙186
  4. 宇宙188
  5. 宇宙212
  6. 宇宙213
  7. 宇宙238
  8. 联盟2号 - 对接失败
  9. 宇宙379
  10. 宇宙396
  11. 宇宙434
  12. 宇宙496
  13. 宇宙573
  14. 宇宙613
  15. 宇宙638
  16. 宇宙656
  17. 宇宙670
  18. 宇宙672
  19. 宇宙772 - 部分失败
  20. 联盟20号
  21. 宇宙869
  22. 宇宙1001
  23. 宇宙1074
  24. 联盟T-1
  25. 联盟TM-1
  26. 联盟MS-14

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ The Spaceport’s new Soyuz launch site is ready for installation of its mission equipment. Arianespace. October 3, 2008 [2010-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-15）. 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2010-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-01）. 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2010-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-02）. 
  4. ^ 中国飞船仿制俄罗斯？神舟飞船具鲜明中国特点. [2010-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）. 

Read other articles:

E. W. Hornung

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

 

Grand Prix F1 Bahrain 2020

Grand Prix Bahrain 2020 Lomba ke-15 dari 17[a] dalam Formula Satu musim 2020← Lomba sebelumnyaLomba berikutnya → Detail perlombaan[1][2]Tanggal 29 November 2020Nama resmi Formula 1 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix 2020Lokasi Sirkuit Internasional Bahrain, Sakhir, BahrainSirkuit Fasilitas balap permanenPanjang sirkuit 5.412 km (3.363 mi)Jarak tempuh 57 putaran, 308.238 km (191.530 mi)Cuaca CerahPenonton 0[b]Posisi polePembalap Lewis Hamilton M...

 

 

هيربورن

هيربورن    شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالألمانية: Herborn)‏    الإحداثيات 50°40′57″N 8°18′22″E / 50.6825°N 8.3061111111111°E / 50.6825; 8.3061111111111   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد ألمانيا[2][3]  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 63.76 كيلومتر مربع (31 ديسمبر 2017)[4]  ارتفاع 287 متر  عد...

Shootaround

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Shootaround – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Pregame shootaround of the 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines in their 2012–13 Big Ten Conference season opener at Welsh-Ryan Arena on Ja...

 

 

Proco Joe Moreno

American politician This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Proco Joe MorenoCity of Chicago AldermanIn officeMarch 26, 2...

 

 

Shurandy Sambo

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori olandesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Shurandy Sambo Nazionalità  Paesi Bassi Altezza 174 cm Calcio Ruolo Difensore Squadra  PSV Carriera Giovanili 200?-2009 Braakhuizen2009-2020 PSV Squadre di club1 2020-2022 Jong PSV44 (6)2020-2022 PSV1 (0)2022-2023→  Sparta Rotterdam34 (2)2023- PSV9 (0) Nazionale 2015-2016...

R. T. Nagar

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: R. T. Nagar – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this ...

 

 

Landless People's Movement

Social movement in South Africa This article is about the social movement in South Africa. For the political party in Namibia, see Landless People's Movement (Namibia). The Landless People's Movement outside the Constitutional Court, 14 May 2009 The Landless People's Movement is an independent social movement in South Africa. It consisted of rural people and people living in shack settlements in cities.[1] The Landless People's Movement boycotted parliamentary elections[2] and...

 

 

Boraginaceae

Boraginaceae Alkanna noneiformis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Tracheophyta (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudikotil (tanpa takson): Asterids (tanpa takson): Lamiids Ordo: Boraginales Famili: BoraginaceaeJuss.[1] Genera lihat teks. Boraginaceae adalah salah satu suku anggota tumbuhan berbunga yang kebanyakan berupa tanaman herba dan beberapa lainnya berupa pohon tropis.[2] Menurut Sistem klasifikasi APG II suku ini belum dapat dimasukkan k...

Paris-Nice 1998

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le cyclisme, Paris et Nice. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Paris-Nice 1998GénéralitésCourse 56e Paris-NiceÉtapes 8Date 8 - 15 mars 1998Distance 1 229,3 kmPays traversé(s) FranceLieu de départ SuresnesLieu d'arrivée NiceCoureurs au départ 143Coureurs à l'arrivée 121RésultatsVainqueur Frank VandenbrouckeDeuxième Laurent JalabertTroisiè...

 

 

Lulu Hypermarket

Lulu HypermarketLogo resmi LuLu HypermarketIndustriEceranDidirikan2000KantorpusatAbu Dhabi, UAECabang126[1] storesWilayah operasiTimur TengahAsiaAfrikaTokohkunciM. A. Yousuf Ali (Direktur Utama)Pendapatan$5 milyar (2014)IndukLuLu Group InternationalSitus webluluhypermarket.com Lulu Hypermarket adalah deretan hipermarket dan usaha eceran yang dimulai oleh Lulu Group International pada tahun 2000. M. A. Yousuf Ali adalah direktur utama grup yang berbasis di Abu Dhabi. LuLu memiliki lebi...

 

 

Днепровский троллейбус

Днепровский троллейбус Описание Страна  Украина Расположение Днепр Дата открытия 7 ноября 1947 (71 год) Оператор КП «Днепровский электротранспорт» Стоимость проезда 8 грн (с 03.07.2021) Сайт det.dp.ua Маршрутная сеть Число маршрутов ▲ 21 Длина сети ▲ 187, 8 км Подвижной состав Число П...

Arturia

French electronics company For the sponge genus, see Arturia (sponge). Not to be confused with Artoria. ArturiaCompany typePrivately Held CorporationIndustrySoftware and hardware for musical performance and productionFounded1999 in GrenobleFoundersFrédéric Brun, Gilles PommereuilHeadquartersGrenobleProductsSoftware synthesizersHardware synthesizers (analogue and digital)Midi keyboardsControllersAudio interfacesNumber of employees100-199[1]Websitearturia.com Arturia is a French electronics c...

 

 

List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2019

Girls Like You by the band Maroon 5 reached number one on the first chart of 2019 and held the top spot for 34 non-consecutive weeks. Adult Contemporary is a chart published by Billboard ranking the top-performing songs in the United States in the adult contemporary music (AC) market, based on weekly airplay data from radio stations compiled by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. In the first issue of the new year Billboard dated January 5, Girls Like You by Maroon 5 moved into the top spot, dis...

 

 

العلاقات البرازيلية الغانية

العلاقات البرازيلية الغانية البرازيل غانا   البرازيل   غانا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البرازيلية الغانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرازيل وغانا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة ا�...

Ruddy Buquet

French football referee Ruddy Buquet Buquet in 2019Born (1977-01-29) 29 January 1977 (age 47)Amiens, Somme, FranceOther occupation Commercial agentDomesticYears League Role2005–2008 Ligue 2 Referee2008–present Ligue 1 RefereeInternationalYears League Role2011–present FIFA listed Referee Ruddy Buquet (born 29 January 1977) is a French professional football referee.[1] References ^ panathinaikos lose against slavia Prague /web/20070706054753/http://www.fifa.com/associations/a...

 

 

四五运动

  此条目页的主題是“四五天安門事件”或“第一次天安门事件”。关于“天安门事件”的其他含义，請見「天安门事件」。   提示：此条目页的主题不是五四運動。 四五天安門事件文化大革命及中華人民共和國民主運動[1][2][3][4]的一部分1976年4月4日北京的遊行群眾日期1976年4月4日—4月5日（2天）地點 中华人民共和国全國各地（以�...

 

 

Leyburn

Market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England This article is about the English town. For the Australian town and other meanings, see Leyburn (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandLeyburnLeyburn Market SquareLeyburnLocation within North YorkshirePopulation2,183 (2011 census)[1]OS grid referenceSE114904Civil parishLeyburnUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign s...

Trevor Paglen

American artist, geographer, and author Trevor PaglenPaglen in 2013Born1974 (age 49–50)Alma mater School of the Art Institute of Chicago (MFA) University of California at Berkeley (BA, Ph.D.) Awards2016 Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize2017 MacArthur Fellowship Trevor Paglen (born 1974) is an American artist, geographer, and author whose work tackles mass surveillance and data collection.[1][2] In 2016, Paglen won the Deutsche Börse Photography Foun...

 

 

Midgard Glacier

Glacier in Greenland Midgard GlacierView of the Midgard Glacier.Location within GreenlandLocationGreenlandCoordinates66°23′N 36°53′W / 66.383°N 36.883°W / 66.383; -36.883TerminusNingertiSermilik, North Atlantic Ocean Midgard Glacier (Danish: Midgårdsgletscher) is a glacier in the Sermersooq municipality, Eastern Greenland.[1] This glacier is named after Midgard, one of the Nine Worlds in Norse mythology. Geography The Midgard Glacier is located on the ...